ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between the pathogen distribution and  nationalities as well as   classification of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and cholesteatoma in Xinjiang region.MethodsMiddle ear secretion  were collected from  151  inpatients and outpatients   with otitis media, and all samples were  performed  microbial culture as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the  isolation rates and types of microbials were gained and analyzed.ResultsAmong 164 ears, 58（35.37%） and 106（64.63%）were cholesteatoma and CSOM respectively; the major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus（37.04%）, Proteus spp.（21.30%）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa（17.59%） and coagulasenegative staphylococci（14.81%）.The isolation rate of pathogens in different nationalities was varied, the top isolated pathogen from Weiwuer nationality was Staphylococcus aureus (40.79%), the next was Proteus spp.(25.00%); all kinds of pathogens were  isolated from Han nationality; the major pathogen isolated from Hasake nationality was Staphylococcus aureus (35.30%),but only 5.88% Proteus spp.  was isolated, no fungus was isolated  (0.00%).  The distribution  of Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp.， Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coagulasenegative staphylococci was not significantly different among different nationalities（P>0.05）；isolation rate of fungi from patients with cholesteatoma was significantly higher than that from patients with CSOM (18.96% vs 0.00%,χ2=20.812，P<0.01); isolation rate of other pathogens  from patients with cholesteatoma was significantly lower than that from patients with CSOM (15.52% vs 43.40%,χ2=13.072，P<0.01).ConclusionIsolation rates and species of pathogens, as well as types of otitis media in patients of different nationalities in Xinjiang is different from the other area of China  and other countries,fungal infection is commonly found in cholesteatoma.