Chinese Journal of Infection Control |
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Editor in Chief：Wu, Anhua ISSN：2096-9244(Online) ISSN：1671-9638(Pring) CN：43-1390/R Sponsor：Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Organizer：Central South University, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Publication cycle：monthly Telephone：0731-84327658 84327237 Email：zggrkz2002@vip.sina.com |
Ranking list
- 01 Chinese experts’ consensus on prevention and control of multidrug resistance organism healthcare associated infection5368
- 02 Molecular epidemiological study of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus FREE5298
- 03 Homology analysis on ICU multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infection FREE4418
- 04 A new glycopeptide antibiotic——dalbavancin4216
- 05 Distribution and change of microbial population of clinical isolated bacteria from a hospital between 1999 and 2008 FREE4196
- 06 Colonization and drug resistance of multidrug resistant bacteria in intensive care unit FREE4125
- 07 A case control study on risk factors for nosocomial infection of Acinetobacter baumannii in internal medicine intensive care units FREE3854
- 08 Antimicrobial activity of linezolid and other antimicrobial agents against Enterococci spp. in vitro FREE3765
- 09 Change in drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β lactam antibiotics FREE3677
- 10 Catheter associated nosocomial infection in surgical intensive care unit :a 5 year data analysis3581
- 01 Epidemiological and clinical analysis on bacillary dysentery in 175 children in three years251321
- 02 Comparison of the effectiveness of different disinfectants on blood donors before donation126074
- 03 National healthcare associated infection surveillance system point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in 740 Chinese hospitals in 2010122503
- 04 Study on resistant mechanism of two clinical strains of Enterobacter aerogenes to ertapenem120633
- 05 Distribution and antimicrobial resistance of major gram negative bacilli in ICU and non ICU wards in a grass roots hospital118625
- 06 Adverse drug reactions of ganciclovir in treating infants with cytomegalovirus hepatitis113531
- 07 Drug resistance and disinfectant resistant genes of Staphylococcus aureus from neonates at a neonatal ward112831
- 08 Monitoring on occupational exposure of health care workers at a general tertiary hospital109155
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Epidemiological characteristics, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a study based on whole genome sequencing
• RAO Yuting, JIANG Lei, GE Ru, ZHU Liuyang, LIU Yanhui, ZHANG Yu
•2025,24(10):1367-1376 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252389
Abstract:： Objective To explore the clinical characteristics as well as molecular epidemiological features of resis-tance genes and virulence genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella p...Objective To explore the clinical characteristics as well as molecular epidemiological features of resis-tance genes and virulence genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infection in a region, and provide scientific basis for the prevention, treatment, and epidemiological study of CRKP. Methods 60 non-repetitive CRKP strains isolated clinically from Puyang Oilfield General Hospital from November 2023 to September 2024 were analyzed retrospectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK 2 Compact automa-tic microbial analyzer, K-B disk diffusion method, and micro-broth dilution method. Mucus phenotype of bacterial strains was identified by string test. Carbapenemase was detected by carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement assay. Molecular features, such as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), capsule serotypes, resistance genes, virulence genes, plasmid replication types of strains, as well as the genetic and evolutionary relationships of strains were determined by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Results CRKP strains were mainly isolated from elderly male hospitalized patients. Specimens were mostly from sputum (71.67%), mainly distributed in department of respiratory medicine (30.00%). All strains were highly resistant to multiple commonly used antimicrobial agents, only with high susceptibility rates to cefotaxime/avibactam, tigecycline, and polymyxin B (>60.00%). Two CRKP strains were positive for string test. 95.00% of the strains produced class A serine carbapenemase. All strains carried fluoroquinolone, phosphomycin, β-lactam, and aminoglycoside resistance genes; enterobactin, Esche-richia coli common pilus (ECP), and outer membrane protein-related virulence genes; as well as plasmids from the IncF plasmid family. Carbapenemase gene was mainly blaKPC-2 (95.00%), and the major capsule serotype was KL19 (43.33%). In MLST, ST11 (51.67%) was the dominant clone group, and ST11-KL62 (n=12) was the dominant subtype. Conclusion CRKP in this hospital is highly resistant to multiple commonly used antimicrobial agents, and its mechanism of resistance to carbapenems is mainly related to the presence of blaKPC-2 resistance gene. All strains have coexisting multiple resistance genes and virulence genes, and show a phenomenon of multi-clone transmission. ST11 is the dominant clone group, and ST11-KL62 is the main prevalent subclone type. Show
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Multi-configurational pathway analysis on risk factors for healthcare-associated infection outbreak events based on crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis
• YU Bingyan, NING Ning, ZHANG Luhao, QI Yue
•2025,24(10):1377-1381 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252380
Abstract:： Objective Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) outbreak events pose significant threat to healthcare system. This paper aims to provide a new perspective to explain the cau...Objective Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) outbreak events pose significant threat to healthcare system. This paper aims to provide a new perspective to explain the causal pathways of HAI outbreak events and seek effective prevention and control strategies. Methods Cases of HAI outbreak events were collected by literature review. Interaction among risk factors was explored through crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA). Results Inadequate procedures such as disinfection, isolation, hand hygiene, and management system, as well as improper use of antimicrobial agents, invasive procedures, and low immune function of patients were the antece-dents of HAI outbreak events. Configuration analysis reveals that there were four pathways between HAI outbreak events and risk factors, and could be classified into two types: the isolation-management synergistic type and multi-factor co-promotion type. Conclusion Prevention and control of HAI outbreak requires coordinated effect of personnel isolation (including isolation of patients and protection of healthcare workers) and management, proper disinfection and isolation, and rational use of antimicrobial agents, so as to prevent infection outbreaks caused by the combination of risk factors. Show
KeyWord：healthcare-associated infection outbreak;risk factor;crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis
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Practice of active screening for controlling CRE healthcare-associated infection in neurosurgery intensive care unit under high epidemic pressure
• ZHANG Yanpeng, SUN Chaolong, HUANG Yuchun, ZHU Xiaohong, NIE Yongbo, FAN Bing
•2025,24(10):1382-1388 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252165
Abstract:： Objective To study carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infection in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NS-ICU) under the combination of active screening using an...Objective To study carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infection in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NS-ICU) under the combination of active screening using anal swabs and bundled intervention mea-sures in environment with high prevalence of CRE infection, and provide scientific basis for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention and control. Methods Inpatients in NS-ICU from 2020 to 2021 were selected as the control group, and didn't undergo active anal swab screening. NS-ICU inpatients from 2022 to 2023 were taken as the trial group, and implemented intervention of active anal swab screening. Isolation measures for CRE positive cases in two groups were implemented, and the incidence of CRE HAI between two groups of patients were compared. Results 645 patients were actively screened for CRE, with a total of 912 screenings. The overall screening positive rate was 9.21%, and the rectal CRE colonization rate in NS-ICU patients was 13.02% (84/645), out of which Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 92.86% (n=78 strains). The positive screening rates in patients in the trial group within 48 hours after admission as well as on day 3-7, day 8-15, and 16-30 were 3.30%, 4.94%, 13.68%, and 18.85%, respectively. With prolonged hospitalization time, the positive rate of CRE anal swab screening gradually increased. During the study period, the overall CRE HAI rate was 6.24% (72/1 153). After implementing active screening intervention, the CRE HAI rate in the trial group was lower than that in the control group (3.57% [23/645] vs 9.65% [49/508], P < 0.001). Conclusion In hospital environment with high CRE prevalence, implementing active screening and bundled intervention measures can effectively identify CRE carriers and reduce the risk of infection caused by intestinal colonization. Show
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Epidemiological characteristics and prediction model of bacillary dysentery in Qinghai Province, 2014-2023
• JIANG Yuqi, ZHAO Jinhua, LONG Jiang, ZHANG Yang, DENG Ping, QIN Sheng-lin, ZHANG Huayi
•2025,24(10):1389-1394 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252077
Abstract:： Objective To compare five time series models and predict the monthly incidence of bacillary dysentery in Qinghai Province in 2024, and provide reference for the prevention a...Objective To compare five time series models and predict the monthly incidence of bacillary dysentery in Qinghai Province in 2024, and provide reference for the prevention and control. Methods The epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in Qinghai Province from 2014 to 2023 were analyzed. R4.3.1 software was used for establishing seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, Holt-Winters triple exponential smoothing (Holt Winters) model, exponential smoothing (ETS) model, neural network autoregression (NNAR) model, and trigonometric seasonality, Box-Cox transformation, ARMA errors, trend and seasonal components (TBATS) model. Fitting effect of the models was analyzed and accuracy was compared. Results From 2014 to 2023, a total of 5 833 cases of bacterial dysentery were reported in Qinghai Province, without deaths, male to female ratio being 1.23 ∶1. The highest incidence was reported in 2016 (15.45 per 100 000 people), and the lowest incidence was reported in 2023 (3.68 per 100 000 people). Incidence increased from 2014 to 2016, then decreased, showing an obvious overall downward trend. Case number in < 5 years age group was the highest, accounting for 29.76% of the total cases (n=1 736). Regarding population distribution, the top three were children in childcare institutions and scattered children (35.56%), farmers (24.65%), and students (12.62%). Except the additive Holt-Winters model, the predicted trends of the other four models were consistent with actuality. The ETS model had the best fitting effect, with a relatively balanced overall performance (training set: MAE=0.13, RMSE=0.21, MAPE=19.55%; testing set: MAE=0.11, RMSE=0.16, MAPE=28.66%). It is recommended to predict the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Qinghai Province based on ETS model. Conclusion From 2014 to 2023, bacterial dysentery in Qinghai Province showed a downward trend, with the peak of the epidemic from June to August. Preschool and scattered children were high-risk groups. Among the five prediction models, ETS model has the best fitting effect, and can be used to predict the incidence of bacillary dysentery. Show
KeyWord：bacterial dysentery;time series model;ETS model;epidemic characteristics;predict
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Resistance and molecular characteristics of Group A Streptococcus from children in outpatient setting of a maternal and child health hospital in the suburb of Beijing
• DONG Zhenzhen, YU Jinyu, WANG Yichun, MAO Yumei, WANG Yingjie, TIAN Xingjun, JI Lili
•2025,24(10):1395-1401 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252521
Abstract:： Objective To understand the pathogenic molecular characteristics of the latest prevalent Group A Streptococcus (GAS) in a suburban area of Beijing. Methods Throat swa...Objective To understand the pathogenic molecular characteristics of the latest prevalent Group A Streptococcus (GAS) in a suburban area of Beijing. Methods Throat swab specimens from children suspected of GAS infection in the outpatient setting of a sentinel surveillance hospital in a suburban area of Beijing from January 2023 to June 2025 were collected. GAS strains were detected and cultured. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 12 antimicrobial agents were performed, and molecular epidemiological characteristics of GAS strains was further analyzed by whole genome sequencing technique. Results Data of 326 children suspected of GAS infection in outpatient setting were collected. A total of 41 GAS strains were detected and cultured, with a detection rate of 12.58%. The proportions of children with anterior cervical lymph node enlargement, tonsil congestion, and jaw congestion in the GAS positive group were all higher than those in the GAS negative group, and differences were all statistically significant (all P < 0.05). All 41 GAS strains carried both erm (B) and tet (M) resistance genes and exhibited a structural type (cMLS) resistance phenotype. All of the emm12 strains were ST36, and emm1 strains were ST28. A total of 6 emm12 subtypes and 1 emm1 subtype were detected, namely emm12.2, emm12.95, emm12.69, emm12.17, emm12.19, emm12.149, and emm1.12. Among them, emm12.149 was a newly discovered subtype. Nucleobase at the 175 100 locus in gene sequence had undergone an A → T mutation. A total of 5 bacteriophages and 6 superantigens were detected. There were statistically significant differences in multi-nucleotide polymorphisms (MNPs) and insertion numbers in the genomes of emm12.0 and emm12 subtypes (both P < 0.05). The phylogenetic tree presented a highly clonal group of 23 GAS strains in this area, accounting for 57.50%. Conclusion The prevalent GAS strain in this area is emm12. emm12.149 is a new subtype. The resistance genes and phenotypes are erm (B), tet (M), and structural type (cMLS). The genome has plenty genetic polymorphism, and the genome sequences of multiple GAS strains are highly cloned, indicating the possibility of clone transmission. This suggests that the surveillance of GAS in sentinel hospitals should continue to be strengthened, so as to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of GAS epidemics. Show
KeyWord：Group A Streptococcus;antimicrobial resistance;single nucleotide polymorphism;genome
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Pathogenicity and multiple detection methods for infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024
• SHI Wuyang, OUYANG Ting, YANG Shuhuan, MAO Yunxia, WU Yanheng, HE Bo
•2025,24(10):1402-1408 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252963
Abstract:： Objective To analyze the pathogen spectrum characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024, and evaluate the applica...Objective To analyze the pathogen spectrum characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024, and evaluate the application value of multiple detection technique in monitoring diarrhea syndrome. Methods Diarrhea specimens from hospitalized children under 5 years old in 4 sentinel hospitals in Zhongshan City from 2023 to 2024 were collected, Luminex ® multi-pathogen detection kit (GPP) was used for screening 16 types of pathogens, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was simultaneously used to verify the consistency of detection results of 5 diarrhea virus. Results A total of 578 dia-rrhea specimens were collected, and the positive detection rate of pathogens was 67.13% (n=388). The positive detection rate of viral pathogens was 38.24%, mainly norovirus (21.63%), rotavirus A (10.90%), and sapovirus (4.67%). The positive detection rate of bacterial pathogens was 41.00%, mainly Salmonella spp. (19.55%), Clostridioides difficile toxin A/B (14.71%), and Campylobacter spp. (8.82%). Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia were not detected. The consistency between GPP and qPCR in detecting viral pathogens reached 95.16%, with a Kappa value of 0.897 (χ2=465.36, P < 0.001). Conclusion The main pathogens causing diarrhea in children in Zhongshan City are norovirus, Salmonella, and Clostridioides toxin A/B. GPP technique can efficiently construct a multi-pathogen spectrum, and provide reliable technical support for optimizing the monitoring system of diarrhea syndrome. Show
KeyWord：infectious diarrhea;pathogen spectrum;multiple gene detection;consistency evaluation
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Targeted surveillance on healthcare-associated infection in patients in emergency rescue room and observation room
• MA Yaoyao, LIU Jinping, QI Qi, GUO Ziqing, ZHAO Menghan, MAO Yiping
•2025,24(10):1409-1415 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252058
Abstract:： Objective To explore the current situation of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in patients in emergency rescue room and observation room, and analyze the causes. Met...Objective To explore the current situation of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in patients in emergency rescue room and observation room, and analyze the causes. Methods Targeted surveillance was performed on patients in emergency rescue room and observation room of a tertiary first-class hospital in Xuzhou City from January 1 to December 31, 2023 using prospective survey method. HAI, antimicrobial use, as well as invasive procedures and related infection rates were analyzed. Results The incidence of HAI in 540 patients was 0.19% (n=1), and the daily incidence of HAI was 0.54‰ (1/1 841). The utilization rates of invasive ventilators, central venous catheters, and indwelling urinary catheters were 6.79% (125/1 841), 1.09% (20/1 841), and 2.93% (54/1 841), respectively. The incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line-associated bloodstream infection, and catheter-associated urinary tract infection were 8.00‰ (1/125), 0 (0/20), and 0 (0/54), respectively. Pathogen detection rate before antimicrobial treatment was 99.22% (382/385). Conclusion The incidence of HAI in patients in emergency rescue room and observation room is low, the retention time of patients in rescue room is short, and pathogen detection of specimens before antimicrobial treatment is high. Patients in emergency rescue room and observation room are at high risk of HAI. It is necessary to carry out targeted surveillance on HAI to reduce its incidence. Show
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Surveillance of hemodialysis events in outpatient settings in Liangshan District, Sichuan Province
• JIANG Yiguo, LAN Anqun, DENG Zhongqin, LUO Xiaolan, XIAO Sa, CHEN Yan, LIU Xiaolin, LUO Xingqiong, ZHANG Hui
•2025,24(10):1416-1423 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252575
Abstract:： Objective To investigate the occurrence of hemodialysis events in patients who received maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture ...Objective To investigate the occurrence of hemodialysis events in patients who received maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, and provide basis for the formulation of infection prevention and control strategies in this area. Methods Based on the standards from Center for Disease Control and Prevention-National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) as well as the WS/T 312-2023 standards, four public hospitals (two secondary and two tertiary hospitals) in three counties and one city of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture were selected, and prospective surveillance method was adopted. A total of 826 patients (n=8 675 cases) who received maintenance hemodialysis on the first two working day of each month from March 2024 to March 2025 were surveilled. Data were collected with standardized form by infection control teams in dialysis centers. Statistical analysis was conducted. Results During the surveillance period, the incidence of hemodialysis events was 5.15% (447/8 675). The incidence (16.67%, 36/216) and mortality (10.00%, 4/40) of hemodialysis events in patients with non-tunneled catheters were the highest among patients with all types of access. Patients with tunneled-catheters had the highest hospitalization rate (42.86%). Systemic use of antimicrobial agents accounted for 82.33% (368/447). Upper respiratory tract infection was the main infection (38.32%). Infection at the puncture site of vascular access accounted for 16.78% (75/447). Four cases (0.89%, 4/447) had positive blood culture. Conclusion Systemic antimicrobial use and infection at vascular access puncture site is the most frequent events in patients who receive maintenance hemodialysis in outpatient setting in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Patients with non-tunneled catheters have the highest rate of hemodialysis events. Show
KeyWord：hemodialysis;surveillance;hemodialysis event;vascular access type
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Monitoring as well as prevention and control strategies for nasal vestibular colonized bacteria of healthcare workers in pediatric intensive care unit
• LI Zixuan, HUANG Lili, BAI Zhenjiang, WU Shuiyan, ZHANG Linna, ZHANG Zhiqin, SU Chunmei
•2025,24(10):1424-1429 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252164
Abstract:： Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of nasal colonized bacteria of healthcare workers (HCWs) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU...Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of nasal colonized bacteria of healthcare workers (HCWs) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Nasal swab specimens from 104 HCWs in the PICU of a hospital were collected for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. According to the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of strains, distribution characteristics of colonized bacteria was analyzed. Basic information of studied subjects were collected through questionnaire survey, and risk factors for colonized bacterial infection were conducted using logistic regression analysis. Results Among 104 specimens, colonized bacteria were detected from 66 specimens, with an overall detection rate of 63.46%. Gram-positive bacteria was mainly Staphylococcus aureus, with a detection rate of 34.62% (n=36), out of which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 2.88% (n=3). Gram-negative bacteria was mainly Klebsiella spp., with a detection rate of 21.15% (n=22). Multiva-riate logistic regression analysis showed that HCWs with junior professional titles (OR=11.400, 95%CI: 2.329-55.801, P=0.003) was an independent risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus colonization, and male (OR=4.260, 95%CI: 1.160-15.653, P=0.029) was an independent risk factor for Klebsiella spp. colonization. Conclusion Nasal cavity of HCWs in PICU has a high detection rate of colonized bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. being the major colonized bacteria. Show
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Microorganisms in air and environmental object surfaces of hemodialysis room between two shifts
• LIU Yuhua, LIU Sidi, ZHU Xiaofang, LAI Lingyu, WANG Liping, HUANG Xun
•2025,24(10):1430-1434 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252535
Abstract:： Objective To understand the impact of bed-making manipulation on the air surrounding bed units in hemodialysis room, evaluate the effectiveness of routine terminal disinfect...Objective To understand the impact of bed-making manipulation on the air surrounding bed units in hemodialysis room, evaluate the effectiveness of routine terminal disinfection, and provide scientific basis for optimizing infection control measures. Methods Air specimens (pre-bed-making group) and environmental object surface specimens (pre-terminal disinfection group) around bed units were collected when hemodialysis was about to be fi-nished. Air specimens after bed-making (bed-making group) and environmental object surface specimens after terminal disinfection (terminal disinfection group) were also collected. Bacterial colonies were counted and identified. Results A total of 714 air specimens were collected from 238 bed units of 45 hemodialysis units before and during bed-making. The average bacterial colony count during bed-making was higher than that before bed-making ([2.72±3.43] CFU/plate vs [0.69±1.50] CFU/plate, P < 0.05). The qualified rate of microbial colony count before bed-making was higher than that during bed-making (96.64% vs 64.71%, P < 0.05). A total of 450 environmental object surface specimens from 90 bed units of 45 hemodialysis units were collected before and after terminal disinfection. The average bacterial colony count before terminal disinfection was higher than that after terminal disinfection ([8.18±20.6] CFU/cm2 vs [1.49±3.44] CFU/cm2, P < 0.05). The qualified rate of microbial colony count after terminal disinfection was higher than that before terminal disinfection (98.22% vs 92.44%, P < 0.05). The microorganisms in the air and environment were mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion Bed-making has a certain impact on the air microorganisms around the bed units, and terminal disinfection can reduce the bacterial co-lony count of the environment. It is necessary to pay attention to the cleaning and disinfection of the environment for medical treatment, and carry out bed-making manipulation under clear condition to minimize the risk of infection. Show
KeyWord：hemodialysis;air;environmental object surface;bed-making;microorganism
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Current status and influencing factors of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in designated tuberculosis medical institutions in Yantai City
• ZHEN Lili, LIU Jingyu, ZHOU Jing, LAN Xiaoyun, WANG Hongren, SHANGGUAN Shichao, WANG Yuelei
•2025,24(10):1435-1442 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252307
Abstract:： Objective To analyze the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among relevant healthcare workers (HCWs)in designated tuberculosis medical institutions (MIs) in ...Objective To analyze the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among relevant healthcare workers (HCWs)in designated tuberculosis medical institutions (MIs) in Yantai City, and explore its influencing factors. Methods The cluster random sampling method was adopted to select two county- and district-level designated tuberculosis MIs. All HCWs underwent questionnaire survey and creation tuberculin skin test (C-TST) at the same time, and the influencing factors for LTBI were analyzed. Results A total of 215 HCWs from designated tuberculosis MIs were included for analysis, 37 were diagnosed with LTBI, with an infection rate of 17.21% (95%CI: 12.42%-22.93%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that clinicians (OR=3.19, 95%CI: 1.05-9.69), laboratory technician (OR=5.90, 95%CI: 1.21-28.77), working years ≥10 years (OR=3.31, 95%CI: 1.39-7.90), and tuberculosis history of family members (OR=6.49, 95%CI: 1.01-41.46) were independent risk factors for LTBI. Conclusion The infection risk of clinicians and laboratory technicians who directly contact with tuberculosis patients or Mycobacterium tuberculosis is higher than that of other HCWs, and is related to the length of working years. It is suggested that healthcare-associated infection control measures should be streng-thened, and tuberculosis active screening should be carried out regularly for HCWs in key departments. Show
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Distribution characteristics of infectious respiratory particles in hospital waiting rooms
• ZHANG Haixia, MA Jianxin, WAN Boyu, AI Liyan, YANG Shuyi, LI Wenjing
•2025,24(10):1443-1451 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252608
Abstract:： Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) in hospital waiting rooms, and explore the impact of indoor air environmenta...Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) in hospital waiting rooms, and explore the impact of indoor air environmental on the distribution characteristics of bacterial IRPs. Methods In the summer and winter of 2024, nine waiting rooms in non-infectious departments of three ter-tiary hospitals in a district of Beijing were selected for on-site investigation on basic conditions. Concentration and distribution of particle diameter of cultivable bacteria from 36 air specimens collected by the impacting method were analyzed. Cyclone method was employed to collect 36 IRPs specimens. Major respiratory pathogens were analyzed by fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The median of the total bacterial count in IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer was 1 035 CFU/m3, which was higher than that in winter (295 CFU/m3), with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The orders of medians of the total bacterial count from IRPs of different types in the waiting rooms in both summer and winter were as follows: emergency department waiting room < respiratory department waiting room < pediatric waiting room < general outpatient waiting room. There was no statistically significant difference in the total bacterial count among different waiting rooms (P > 0.05). Particle diameter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer and winter mainly distributed in the range of < 4.7 μm, accounting for 73.77% and 69.44%, respectively. The total number of bacteria in IRPs in the waiting rooms was positively correlated with indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM10, and PM2.5 (all P < 0.01), while negatively correlated with indoor wind speed (all P < 0.01). The types of respiratory infectious and non-infectious pathogens detected from IRPs in different types of waiting rooms were different between summer and winter. The pathogens detected in summer were mainly concentrated in respiratory non-infectious pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus). In winter, respiratory infectious pathogens (virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) were detected. The types of detected pathogens in different types of waiting rooms were different. Non-infectious respiratory pathogens detected from IRPs in winter were mainly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion Particle diameter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting room is mainly < 4.7 μm. These particles can enter the lower respiratory tract of human body, and pose potential risk to health. The detection of main infectious and non-infectious respiratory pathogens from IRPs in waiting rooms suggests risk of exposure to infection for patients and healthcare workers. Show
KeyWord：waiting room;infectious respiratory particles;distribution characteristics;air quality
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Construction and validation of a nomogram prediction model for prognosis during hospitalization in patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infection after neurosurgical procedure
• JIANG Jiayan, SHI Dandan, YIN Xianzhe, LIU Yinmei, WANG Junjie
•2025,24(10):1452-1460 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20256972
Abstract:： Objective To explore the factors affecting the prognosis of patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) healthcare-associated infection (HAI) after neurosurgic...Objective To explore the factors affecting the prognosis of patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) healthcare-associated infection (HAI) after neurosurgical procedure, construct and validate a nomogram prediction model. Methods Data of patients with CRE infection after neurosurgical procedure in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai from 2018 to 2023 were collected, patients were divided into death group and survival group based on prognosis. LASSO regression and multivariate COX regression analysis were adopted to screen independent risk factors and construct nomogram prediction model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were drawn based on Bootstrap internal validation method to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. Results A total of 241 patients were included in analysis, with 221 in the survival group and 20 in the death group. The LASSO and COX regression analysis results showed that gender, length of hospital stay >30 days, decreased monocyte percentage (MONO%), and elevated creatinine (Cr) were independent risk factors for death in patients with CRE HAI after neurosurgical procedure. The nomogram prediction model for risk of death in CRE patients after neurosurgical procedure was established based on these findings. The model validation results showed that at the 30th day, the calibration curve approached the ideal curve, the area under the ROC curve was 0.981 (95%CI: 0.947-1.000), the DCA curve showed that when the threshold of risk of death exceeded 8.36%, there was a higher net benefit value. Conclusion The nomogram prediction model for prognosis during hospitalization in CRE HAI patients after neurosurgical procedure constructed based on LASSO-COX regression analysis has good goodness of fit and predictive performance, which can provide reference for early screening of high-risk patients and implementation of intervention measures in clinical practice. Show
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Impact of continuous renal replacement therapy on the pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B: a systematic review
• TAN Yuhan, ZHOU Yanyan, WANG Qing, LI Xin, XU Ping
•2025,24(10):1461-1469 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252272
Abstract:： Objective To systematically evaluate the impact of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on the pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B, explore its possible impacting factors...Objective To systematically evaluate the impact of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on the pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B, explore its possible impacting factors. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, VIP database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, and Wanfang data were retrieved. The study subjects were patients receiving CRRT and polymyxin B. Observational studies, case reports, and reviews were included. The outcome indicators included therapeutic drug monitoring results, pharmacokinetic parameters, and CRRT parameters. The retrieval time was from the inception of each database to January 2025. The quality of literatures was evaluated with ClinPK tool. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. Results A total of 12 literatures were ultimately included in analysis, including 1 review, 3 case reports, and 8 observational studies. Five studies showed that the clearance rate during CRRT period (1.3-6.66 L/h) was higher than that during non-CRRT period (0.5-3.9 L/h). Five studies reported that the area under the steady-state 24-hour drug concentration-time curve (AUCss, 24h) during CRRT period (21.58-75.1 mg·h/L) was lower than that during non-CRRT period (60.6-118 mg·h/L). Two studies detected drugs in ultrafiltrate or dialysate, with in vitro drug recovery rates ranging from 5.62% to 24.0%. Two studies reported a decrease in drug concentration after passing through a blood filter. Conclusion During CRRT period, polymyxin B presents higher clearance rate and lower blood drug concentration, and some patients have lower AUCss, 24h than the therapeutic target. The mechanism of this change during CRRT is not yet clear, the therapy mode and filter type may be potential impacting factors, further research are needed to promote precise anti-infective treatment. Show
KeyWord：polymyxin B;continuous renal replacement therapy;pharmacokinetics;therapeutic drug monitoring
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Meta-analysis on the prevalence of low-level viraemia in Chinese patients receiving antiviral therapy for HIV infection
• YANG Tingyu, AN Xuemei, LI Long, HUANG Linyu, ZHANG Xingling, HONG Zhongxi
•2025,24(10):1470-1477 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20256876
Abstract:： Objective To comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of and influencing factors for low-level viraemia (LLV) in Chinese patients receiving antiviral therapy for human immuno...Objective To comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of and influencing factors for low-level viraemia (LLV) in Chinese patients receiving antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through systematic review and Meta-analysis. Methods Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, China Biomedicine (CBM), VIP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data were systematically retrieved. Retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to February 2024. Literatures related to the prevalence of LLV in patients receiving antiviral therapy for HIV infection were retrieved using combination of keywords and free words. Stata 16.0 software was used for Meta-analysis. Random effects model was adopted to calculate the combined prevalence and its 95% confidence interval. Results A total of 15 papers were included in analysis, involving 191 212 specimens. Meta-analysis random effects model showed that the prevalence of LLV in Chinese patients receiving antiviral therapy for HIV infection was 13.00% (95%CI: 7.82%-19.24%). Subgroup analysis showed that cross-sectional studies, northern regions, males, age ≥50 years, heterosexual transmission routes, baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count < 200 cells/μL, and patients who had ever changed therapy regimens had higher LLV prevalence. Conclusion The prevalence of LLV in patients receiving antiviral therapy for HIV infection is relatively higher. Attention should be paid to such high-risk population, and appropriate antiviral therapy schemes should be selected as early as possible. Timely intervention is necessary when LLV occurs. Show
KeyWord：acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;antiviral therapy;prevalence;Meta-analysis
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Construction method and application of a cloud-based platform for full process closed-loop quality control management of healthcare-associated infection based on multi-source data fusion
• HUANG Lihua, LIU Jiao, PAN Zetao, ZHU Haozhi, PENG Xueer, JU Xu, LI Huan
•2025,24(10):1478-1486 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252546
Abstract:： Objective To construct a cloud-based platform for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management based on multi-source data fusion and data visualization, and evaluate its...Objective To construct a cloud-based platform for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management based on multi-source data fusion and data visualization, and evaluate its application effectiveness. Methods A tertiary first-class cancer hospital was selected as the research object. Aligned with graded hospital accreditation standards and based on grid-based management and responsibility zone mode, a platform was constructed in 2023 with low-code technology, multi-source data fusion, and visualization function. The self-comparison method was adopted to compare occurrence of HAI before and after the operation of the platform. A questionnaire survey was adopted to assess the experience and workload reduction feelings of full-time and part-time infection surveillance and control profe-ssionals using the platform. Results 81.56% of the surveyed respondents believed that the platform could reduce the workload of infection surveillance and control. Compared with before the trial operation, the hospital achieved an annual reduction of 11 200 yuan in paper costs, with associated labor savings of approximately 4 482.5 hours. The incidence of HAI cases in the whole hospital decreased from 0.67% to 0.45%. The pathogen detection rate before therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents increased from 51.26% to 71.54%. Differences were both statistically significant (both P < 0.05). The detection number and proportion of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) in HAI cases decreased (54.55% vs 36.47% and 51.14% vs 32.50%, respectively, both P < 0.05). Conclusion The construction and application of smart HAI management cloud-based platform can reduce cost, improve management quality, and provide a theoretical basis and technical paradigm for the construction of smart HAI management system. Show
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Promotion status of professional titles of healthcare-associated infection management full-time professionals in Anhui Province
• WANG Ping, YIN Jun, WEI Yuanyuan, XU Sipu
•2025,24(10):1487-1493 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252681
Abstract:： Objective To analyze the current promotion status of professional titles of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management full-time professionals in medical institutions ...Objective To analyze the current promotion status of professional titles of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management full-time professionals in medical institutions in Anhui Province. Methods A cross-sectional survey was designed. An electronic questionnaire survey was conducted among HAI management full-time professionals from all levels of medical institutions in 16 cities in Anhui Province by Anhui Province HAI Management Quality Control Center, and the data were analyzed. Results A total of 815 HAI management full-time professionals participated in the survey. 78.16% of the professionals were with nursing background; 25.89% had master's degree and higher; 55.95% held an intermediate-level professional titles; 49.45% engaged in HAI management for less than 5 years; most professionals with advanced title were from tertiary medical institutions. There were significant differences in the pursuing route of professional title promotion among HAI management full-time professionals with different professional backgrounds: 91.94% of clinical medical professionals chose the medical promotion route; 96.55% of nursing professionals chose the nursing promotion route; 75.41% of public health professionals chose the medical promotion route; 84.61% of laboratory professionals and 50.00% of pharmacy profe-ssionals chose the medical technician promotion route. 43.31% of HAI management full-time professionals were generally satisfied with the current status of professional title promotion, only 5.65% being very satisfied. The main cause why HAI management full-time professionals were dissatisfied with professional title promotion was "current professional title promotion evaluation standards", accounting for 45.60%. There was a statistically signi-ficant difference in the evaluation on the difficulty in promoting to the next level of professional title among full-time professionals with different professional titles (P < 0.001). The higher the professional title, the more difficult it was to be promoted to the next level. 48.22% of HAI management full-time professionals thought the difficulties in promoting their professional titles was due to "the lack of professional and technical titles in HAI management", fo-llowed by "low promotion rates" (10.43%) and "weak competitiveness in promotion based on their original positions" (9.69%). Conclusion Professional title promotion route for HAI management full-time professionals in Anhui Province depends on their original professional fields, and promotion is generally difficult, especially to senior professional titles. It is urgent to establish an independent technical professional title series for HAI management as well as a matched evaluation and appointment mechanism to stabilize the talent team. Show
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Bloodstream infection in lung tumor patient caused by Bacteroides uniformis: a case report
• WANG Fengxia, CHEN Cuizhu, MA Yinjian, JI Bing, LI Baosong
•2025,24(10):1494-1496 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252455
Abstract:： Bacteroides uniformis (B. uniformis) is an obligate anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, it belongs to Bacieroides spp.. It is an important component of the normal gut microbiota in h...Bacteroides uniformis (B. uniformis) is an obligate anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, it belongs to Bacieroides spp.. It is an important component of the normal gut microbiota in human body and rarely causes opportunistic infection in clinical practice. Currently, there is no consensus on the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of infection caused by B. uniformis, and the resistance of anaerobic bacteria is difficult to be detected. This article reports a case of a lung tumor patient who developed diarrhea and bloodstream infection due to B. uniformis after chemotherapy. After empirical anti-infective treatment with cefoperazone/sulbactam, the patient recovered and was discharged from hospital. This paper aims to improve clinical understanding on infection caused by opportunistic pathogens in the gut, and provide reference for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Show
KeyWord：Bacteroides uniformis;anaerobic bacteria;bloodstream infection;lung tumor;gut opportunistic pathogen
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Research progress on the combination of natural compounds and antimicrobial agents to cope with antimicrobial resistance of bacteria
• JIANG Chao, HU Jie, LI Yujuan, YANG Zhiying
•2025,24(10):1497-1503 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252253
Abstract:： The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria leads to a decrease or even failure in the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment, poses a huge challenge to clinical ...The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria leads to a decrease or even failure in the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment, poses a huge challenge to clinical anti-infective treatment, and seriously threatens human life. Therefore, coping with AMR of bacteria has become a major challenge and research hot spot in the field of global public health. Due to the wide sources and diverse biological activities, natural compounds play an important role in the practice of "reduction of antimicrobial agents, replacement for antimicrobial agents, and free of antimicrobial agents" in the breeding industry. In recent years, studies have discovered that a variety of natural compounds can serve as enhancer for antimicrobial agents, and the combined use of natural compounds with antimicrobial agents can restore the antimicrobial sensitivity of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and enhance antimicrobial effects. This indicates that natural compounds have the potential to serve as new strategies in coping with AMR of bacteria. This paper reviews the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of natural compounds combined with antimicrobial agents based on the main resistance mechanisms of bacteria, and looks forward to their application prospects and challenges, in the hope of providing new ideas and strategies for coping with the crisis of bacteria AMR. Show
KeyWord：antimicrobial resistance of bacteria;natural compounds;antimicrobial agent;combined use;mechanism
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Advances in the control of Enterococcus faecalis infection in refractory apical periodontitis by root canal irrigation and disinfection methods
•2025,24(10):1504-1510 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20252135
Abstract:： In refractory apical periodontitis, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is most frequently detected, its biofilm is closely related to disease progression. Therefore, controlling E...In refractory apical periodontitis, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is most frequently detected, its biofilm is closely related to disease progression. Therefore, controlling E. faecalis infection in root canals is crucial for treatment success. The commonly used irrigation and disinfection methods for root canal include agent disinfection such as sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide, as well as ultrasonic irrigation disinfection. At present, technologies such as development of new agents and photodynamic therapy are gradually applied in clinical practice and show promising prospects. This paper reviews the recent irrigation and disinfection methods for controlling E. faecalis root canals infection of refractory apical periodontitis both domestically and internationally, including traditional methods, new technologies, and their combined applications, aiming to provide reference for clinical infection control. Show
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Standard for infection control in operating suites
•2025,24(10):1511-1518 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20257413
Abstract:： Show
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Standard for infection prevention and control in hemodialysis department (center)
•2025,24(10):1519-1524 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20257414
Abstract:： Show
KeyWord：hemodialysis;healthcare associated infections;prevention and control;standard
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Standard for washing and disinfection technique of medical textiles in healthcare facilities
•2025,24(10):1525-1533 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20257415
Abstract:： Show
KeyWord：healthcare facilities;medical textiles;washing and disinfection technique;standard
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Standard for safe injection
•2025,24(10):1534-1536 ,Doi: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20257416
Abstract:： Show
KeyWord：safe injection;healthcare associated infections;prevention and control;standard
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Case Report
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标准·规范·指南
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