ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infection(UTI)  following ureteroscopy.MethodsPatients undergoing ureteroscopy examination or ureteroscopic lithotripsy in a hospital between 2002 and  2011 were analyzed retrospectively, clinical data of patients were collected and analyzed, including age, sex, history, complication ,  urine routine test, urine culture, blood routine test, urethral catheterization, ureteral stent placing and antimicrobial use.ResultsIncidence of UTI  following ureteroscopy was 3.77%（20/531），UTI  following ureteroscopy examination was higher than ureteroscopic lithotripsy (5.84%［9/154］ vs 2.92%［11/377］). Pyelonephritis was the main infection type(n=15), the main pathogen was Escherichia coli(n=6),  there was no statistical difference in UTI among patients receiving different types of antimicrobial prophylaxis (P=0.185).Patients with bacteriuria, hydronephrosis, urethral catheterization, without ureteral stent placing, and  without receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis had higher incidence of URI(all P<0.05).ConclusionBacteriuria, hydronephrosis, urethral catheterization, without postoperative ureteral stent placing, ureteroscopy examination, and  without receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis are risk factors of UTI following ureteroscopy.