ObjectiveTo evaluate the role and significance of Treg/Th17 cells imbalance in pathogenesis and recurrence mechanism of condyloma acuminatum (CA).Methods52 patients with CA were selected as study group(CA group， 27 with initial occurrence of CA, 25 with recurrence of CA), 30 healthy persons were as control group, flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Treg cells and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, the expression level of Foxp3 mRNA and RORγt mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe proportion of Treg cells and the expression level of Foxp3 mRNA in peripheral blood in CA group was higher than that in control group, recurrence CA group was higher than initial occurrence CA group, difference was significant(both P＜0.05); the proportion of Th17 cells and expression level of RORγt mRNA in CA group was significantly lower than that in control group, proportion of Th17 cells in recurrence CA group was lower than initial occurrence CA group, there was significant difference (both P<0.05). The proporation of Treg/Th17 in CA group was higher than that in healthy controls(4.60［3.20,8.68］ vs 1.39［1.05，2.05］, P＜0.05）, recurrence CA group was higher than initial occurrence CA group (8.19［4.21,10.81］ vs 3.52［2.47，4.85］, P＜0.05）.ConclusionThere is an imbalance between Treg cells and Th17 cells in patients with CA, especially in patients with reccurrence of CA， the imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis and recurrence mechanism of CA.