Objective To understand the incidence of healthcare-associated infection(HAI), device usage rate, and incidence of related infection in patients in different types of intensive care units(ICUs). Methods Prospective targeted surveillance data of HAI in patients in 6 different types of ICUs from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018 in a tertiary first-class teaching hospital were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 21 485 patients in all different ICUs were monitored for three consecutive years,incidence and case incidence of HAI were 5.77% and 7.33% respectively, there were significant differences in incidence and case incidence of HAI among three years(all P<0.05). After adjusting average severity of illness score(ASIS), the adjusted incidence and adjusted case incidence per 1 000 bed-day in patients in general ICU were the highest. The utilization rates of central vascular catheter, urinary catheter, and ventilator in all different ICUs were 31.65%, 77.07%, and 26.08% respectively; incidences of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were 2.90‰, 2.08‰, and 5.37‰ respectively. Incidence of CLABSI was highest in respiratory ICU(4.85‰), incidence of CAUTI was highest in pediatric ICU(5.53‰), incidence of VAP was highest in neurosurgical ICU(9.33‰). The top 3 HAI sites were lower respiratory tract (36.00%), blood (17.52%), and gastrointestinal tract (13.08%);the top 3 pathogens of HAI were Acinetobacter baumannii (27.74%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.18%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.76%). Conclusion Corresponding preventive and control measures should be formulated according to the characteristics of HAI in different types of ICUs, so as to reduce the incidence of HAI in ICUs.