Objective To understand the infection status of patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in Guizhou Province, and provide basis for the prevention and control of hemodialysis-related infection. Methods MHD patients in hemodialysis centers of 124 secondary and or higher grade medical institutions in Guizhou Province from July to December 2022 were surveyed. Survey content included the general conditions of patients, hemodialysis-related conditions, infection of pathogens of blood-borne diseases, and other infection-related conditions. Results A total of 15 114 MHD patients were surveyed, with age mainly ranging from 36 to < 60 years old (55.83%). Hemodialysis history ranged mainly from 1 year to < 5 years (59.37%), and the frequency of hemodialysis was mainly 3 times per week (73.91%). Autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was the major vascular access for dialysis, with a total of 12 948 cases (85.77%). The main primary disease was chronic renal failure (99.89%). The infection rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Treponema pallidum in MHD patients were 5.29%, 0.64%, 0.24%, and 1.70%, respectively. HBV infection rates among MHD patients of different ages, different numbers of dialysis hospitals, and dialysis institutions of different scales showed statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). HCV infection rates among MHD patients of different ages, with different dialysis times and from institutions of different scales were significantly different (all P < 0.05). TP infection rates among MHD patients of different ages and different numbers of dialysis hospitals were all significantly different (all P < 0.05). Infection rates of HBV and HCV in MHD patients aged from 36 to 60 years old (not included) were relatively higher (6.10% and 0.84%, respectively). Patients with dialysis time ≥10 years had a higher HCV infection rate (1.64%). Infection rates of HCV, HIV, and TP in patients dialyzed in medical institutions with ≥90 dialysis beds were relatively higher (0.74%, 0.28%, and 1.94%, respectively). Medical institutions with < 30 dialysis beds had the highest HBV infection rate (18.64%). There were 9 cases (0.06%) of vascular puncture infection, 12 cases (0.08%) of bloodstream infection, 7 cases (0.05%) of vascular access-related bloodstream infection, and 30 cases (0.20%) of pulmonary infection. Vascular access-related bloodstream infection rate and pulmonary infection rate among MHD patients with different types of vascular access showed statistically significant difference (all P < 0.05). Vascular access-related bloodstream infection rate (0.37%) and pulmonary infection rate (1.10%) of patients with non-cuffed catheters vascular access were higher than those of other types. Conclusion MHD patients in Guizhou Province are mainly middle-aged and young people, with more males than females. The dialysis frequency is mostly 3 times per week, and AVF is the major vascular access. MHD patients are prone to complications such as infections of HBV, HCV, HIV, and TP, as well as bloodstream infection and pulmonary infection.