Objective To analyze the characteristics of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in patients in liver transplantation intensive care unit (ICU), and provide basis for the effective prevention and control of liver post-transplantation infection. Methods Targeted surveillance data of HAI in liver transplantation ICU from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Incidence, incidence trend, infection site, pathogens and drug resistance were analyzed. Results A total of 3 762 liver transplantation patients were surveilled, 106 patients developed 133 cases of HAI, with an incidence of 2.82% and a case incidence of 3.54%. There was no significant difference among the years (P=0.473). Infection mainly occurred within 2 weeks after admission to ICU, accounting for 85.85%. The main infection sites included blood system (26.32%), respiratory system (22.56%), and surgical site (19.55%). The average utilization rates of central veinous catheterization, urethral catheterization, and ventilator were 85.77%, 70.58%, and 40.83%, respectively. The incidences of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were 0.54‰, 0.33‰, and 1.84‰, respectively. A total of 131 strains of pathogens were detected, of which Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 38.17% and Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.77%. The top three pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.27%), Enterococcus faecium (11.45%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (9.16%). Conclusion Effective prevention and control measures should be taken based on the characteristics of HAI in the liver transplantation ICU, so as to curb bacterial resistance and reduce liver post-transplantation HAI.