Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) is an opportunistic pathogen, which rarely causes pulmonary infection in clinic. This article reports a case with fever and expectoration as the primary clinical manifestations on the basis of diabetes. It was confirmed as S. putrefaciens infection by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Relevant literature from China and abroad was reviewed systematically. High-risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and drug treatment of infection caused by this pathogen were summarized, so as to improve the understanding on this pathogen and provide reference for the formulation of anti-infection programs.