ObjectiveTo explore the survival time and its influencing factors of patients in Guizhou Province after they received antiretroviral therapy(ART) for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted to analyze survival time of AIDS patients who received ART in Guizhou Province in 20052016, life table method was used to calculate the survival probability, Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of survival time. ResultsA total of 15 921 patients were included in the study, the median age at the beginning of therapy was（42.13±14.40）years old, 58.61% of patients were married/housemate. The length of ART followup was （median［P25-P75］： 15.96［ 6.00-33.00］） months. 9.77% of the followup cases died, 59.29% of the deaths occurred within 12 months of initiation of treatment; survival rates in the first, fifth, and tenth year were 93.00%, 82.00%, and 74.00% respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that female patients were 0.58 times more likely to die than male patients（95% CI：0.49-0.68）；the risk of death increased with increase of ages; the higher the baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count, the lower the risk of death; the risk of death in patients without symptoms or signs before therapy was 0.70 times than those with symptoms or signs（95% CI：0.60-0.81）. ConclusionThe antiviral therapy of AIDS patients in Guizhou Province is generally well, patients with high risk factors for death should be paid high attention, it is suggested that medical level and service quality should be improved when patients are treated.