ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors for septicemia after cesarean section, and provide reference for clinical prevention of postoperative septicemia. MethodsClinical data of patients who underwent cesarean section in a maternal and child health hospital between January 1, 2013 and October 31, 2016 were collected by retrospective survey method, risk factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model. ResultsA total of 4 604 cases of cesarean section were selected, 32 cases of septicemia occurred, incidence was 0.70%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were seven independent risk factors for septicemia: gestational diabetes mellitus（OR=4.03）, trying vaginal delivery（OR=15.86）, No.of vaginal examination ≥3 times（OR=6.77）, premature rupture of membrane≥12 hours（OR=3.47）, intraoperative bleeding≥1 000 mL（OR=4.66）, postoperative duration of indwelling urinary catheter>24 hours（OR=2.83）, and antimicrobial use within a week（OR=3.20）. Four factors were protective factors: gestational weeks≥34 weeks（OR=0.20）, hemoglobin≥100 g/L（OR=0.40）, albumin≥35 g/L（OR=0.28）, and amniotic fluid volume at a normal level（OR=0.22）.ConclusionIt is possible to prevent and control the occurrence of septicemia after cesarean section through strict management of independent risk factors and intervention in protective factors of pregnant women during perioperative period.