Infection is an important cause of higher mortality in patients with hematological diseases than healthy people, and fever is often the only indication of the disease. Clostridium perfringens(C. perfringens) is a grampositive anaerobic bacillus of the Clostridium genus, it belongs to the normal flora of the intestinal tract and is not pathogenic in normal condition. However, when intestinal flora is imbalanced due to low hypoimmunity of human body or influenced by such factors as diet, medicine, environment and other factors, it can enter the blood and cause bacteremia. At present, it has never been reported that bacteremia was caused by C. perfringens in patients with malignant hematological diseases accompanied by neutropenia, this article reported the diagnosis and treatment of C. perfringens bloodstream in one patient with malignant hematopathy, so as to provide basis for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.