Objective To investigate the efficacy and influencing factors of tigecycline in the treatment of hematological malignancies complicated with infection, so as to provide reference for clinical rational antimicrobial use. Methods Clinical data of patients with hematological malignancies complicated with infection and treated with tigecycline in a hospital were analyzed retrospectively, clinical efficacy of tigecycline treatment was evaluated, influencing factors of therapeutic efficacy of patients was analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 182 patients were included in analysis, 85 (46.7%) patients had acute myeloid leukemia, 116 (63.7%) had agranulocytosis, the main infection site was lung (72.0%). 62 strains of pathogens were isolated, 8 of which were carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. 113 patients (62.1%) were treated with high-dose tigecycline for a course of (11.6±6.5)days, the total effective rate was 55.5%. Multivariate analysis showed that community-acquired pneumonia, agranulocytosis time >14 days and tigecycline treatment course < 7 days were independent risk factors for treatment failure, therapeutic efficacy was not related to gender, age, primary disease, tigecycline dose, combination antimicrobial use and pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion Tigecycline is effective for the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies complicated with infection, but community-acquired pneumonia, agranulocytosis time >14 days and tigecycline treatment course < 7 days will significantly affect the efficacy.