The group X meningococcal disease is rare in China and developed countries. No related cases have been reported in Human Province. The disease progresses rapidly and leads to critical severity. Serious complications may occur, if not treated actively. Group X Neisseria meningitidis (Nm X) vaccine has not yet obtained permission at present. This paper collects data on the symptoms, signs, auxiliary examinations, and treatment process of the first patient with severe group X meningococcal disease in Hunan Province, reviews relevant literatures, so as to improve clinicians' understanding on group X meningococcal disease, conduct early identification, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.