Objective To understand the factors affecting the quality of life of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with low-level viremia (LLV) in Hunan Province, and provide basis for the formulation of AIDS prevention and control strategies. Methods 44 LLV patients selected through convenient sampling were performed cross-sectional survey by the self-designed questionnaire for general information and World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire for HIV brief version (WHOQOL-HIV BREF). The affecting factors for the quality of life were analyzed by t-test, F-test and multiple linear regression. Results Among the 44 LLV patients, 29 (65.91%) were males, 16 (36.36%) were in the 45-59 years old group, 37 (84.09%) had good medication compliance, while 7 (15.91%) had poor medication compliance with missed medication administration. The overall score of quality of life for LLV patients was (68.58 ± 6.04) on average, and the average score in the physiological field was (10.77±1.49). Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in scores in physiological field among patients with different living places, occupations, monthly income levels, and whether they had adverse drug reactions (all P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that different educational levels (B_psychology=0.449, P_psychology=0.048; B_environment=0.851, P_environment=0.028), monthly income level (B_independence=1.072, P_independence=0.006; B_environment=0.989, P_environment=0.026), and whether there were adverse drug reactions (B_physiology=-1.665, P_physiology=0.002) were important factors affecting various fields of patients' quality of life. Conclusion LLV patients have lower quality of life scores, and more attention should be paid to patients with low educational level, low income, and adverse drug reactions, so as to improve their quality of life.