To understand the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of acute endophthalmitis caused by Rhizobium radiobacter (R. radiobacter) after cataract surgery. Clinical data of a patient with acute endophthalmitis caused by R. radiobacter after cataract surgery were collected retrospectively. Combined with relevant domestic and foreign literatures, analysis of the data was conducted. Four days after cataract surgery, the patient was admitted to the hospital again due to "acute suppurative endophthalmitis in the right eye". On the day of admission, vitrectomy combined with intraocular lens removal and posterior capsulotomy was performed in the right eye. Vitreous fluid was collected during the operation and cultured. R. radiobacter was identified. The infection might come from the contact with the conjunctiva after touching soil on vegetable roots. Sensitive antimicrobial agents of ceftazidime (systemic medication) and levofloxacin (local eye drops) were used for treatment. Symptoms of the eye remained stable 21 days after surgery, with a corrected vision of 20/133. Eye infection was cured, and the patient was discharged from the hospital. This is the first case of acute endophthalmitis caused by R. radiobacter after cataract surgery in China.Clinical attention should be paid to eye infection caused by this pathogen. After cataract surgery or intravitreal injection of drugs, contact with soil should be avoided. Pathogenic culture should be performed in time once symptoms occur, and precise treatment should be given based on antimicrobial susceptibility test results.