Francisella philomiragia (F. philomiragia) infection is a rare infectious disease. This article reported one case of bloodstream infection of F. philomiragia. Relevant literatures from at home and abroad were systematically reviewed, and clinical characteristics of infected patients were summarized and analyzed. The research found that people with chronic granulomatous disease, drowning, blood system diseases, diabetes, kidney transplantation, rheumatism, alcoholism, and other immunocompromised or immune barrier damaged people are susceptible to F. philomiragia. Salt water exposure is a risk factor. The combined anti-infection scheme based on amino-glycosides, fluoroquinolones and doxycycline can improve the success rate of treatment.