Objective To explore the effectiveness of risk assessment in the prevention and control of central line associated-bloodstream infection(CLABSI), identify high-risk departments and processes, and develop targeted measures to reduce the risk. Methods Healthcare-associated infection control risk assessment form designed by American Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) was applied to assess the risk factors for CLABSI in 13 intensive care units (ICUs) in a hospital. Each risk indicator was identified, analyzed, and evaluated from three dimensions: the likelihood of risk occurrence, severity of consequences, and integrity of the current management system. Results The risk assessment results found that the general ICU and respiratory ICU had extremely high risk, cardiac surgery ICU and organ transplant ICU had high risk. Through one-year continuous intervention, the incidence of CLABSI decreased significantly, the awareness rate of CLABSI prevention and control measures and the implementation rate of partial measures increased significantly (all P<0.05). Conclusion The application of risk assessment can screen high-risk departments, focus efforts on the intervention, and enhance the effectiveness of CLABSI risk prevention and control.