The increasing trend of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection in rehabilitation medical institutions has become one of the major challenges in the global public health field. On one hand, this is due to the fact that rehabilitation patients themselves have a variety of susceptibility factors, such as older age, complex underlying diseases, low immune function, long length of hospital stay, and frequent use of antimicrobial agents in the early stage; on the other hand, the improper implementation of prevention and control measures in rehabilitation medical institutions also provides opportunities for the spread of MDRO. This paper reviews domestic and foreign research literatures, summarizes the current status of MDRO infection and progress in prevention and control measures in rehabilitation medical institutions, hoping to reduce the risk of infection in patient and improve the quality of medical care.