Mosquito-borne viruses, a class of pathogens primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, present severe glo-bal epidemics and pose serious threats to human health. These viruses rely on specific mosquito species for transmi-ssion, and their clinical manifestations vary from mild symptoms to severe complications. Most viruses lack effective treatment agents and vaccines. This review systematically describes the mechanisms of the mosquito-borne virus infection transmission, encompassing two key stages: host infection and mosquito infection. During the host infection stage, saliva components of mosquito promote viral invasion and systemic spread within the host by disrupting host hemostasis process, directly interacting with the virus, altering host cell function, and regulating local immune response, ultimately targeting specific organs and causing disease. During the mosquito infection stage, the targeting of mosquito is regulated by metabolites from host’s skin microbiome. Host blood components and mosquito’s gut microbiome exert bidirectional regulation in the infection in mosquito’s midgut. The viruses break through the midgut barrier to enter the hemolymph and further infect the salivary glands. These mechanisms reveal the viruses’ adaptive strategies within the host-mosquito ecosystem and emphasize the importance of multifactorial regulation. Future research should focus on molecular interventions, microbial applications, and integrated prevention and control strategies to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne viral transmission.