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ObjectiveTo study the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing healthcareassociated infection (HAI) and communityassociated infection (CAI).MethodsStatistical analysis was conducted based on data about the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens reported to China healthcareassociated infection crosssectional survey of National Healthcareassociated Infection Surveillance System from March 1 to December 31, 2010.ResultsA total of 6 965 strains of pathogens causing HAI were isolated from 740 hospitals, 20.69% of which were grampositive bacteria, 66. 03% were gramnegative ones, and 10. 62% were fungi; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranked at the top of the pathogens causing HAI(17.17%), followed by Escherichia coli (13.51%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11.01%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.73%), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.38%), the above bacteria constituted 61.25% (4 266/6 965) of pathogens causing HAI. 13 653 strains of pathogens causing CAI were isolated, 28.68% of which were grampositive bacteria, 46.90% were gramnegative ones, and 10.41% were fungi; Escherichia coli ranked at the top of the pathogen causing CAI (12.14%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.75%),other Streptococcus (6.28%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.51%), and virus(5.33%), which in total accounted for 37.01% (5 053/13 653) of pathogens causing CAI. The isolation rate of cefoxitinresistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 75.28% and 67.86% respectively in HAI, and 49.23% and 56.09% respectively in CAI; Resistant rate of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftazidime ranged from 34.24% to 62.89%, with a higher rate of around 10% in HAI than that in CAI (all P<0.01). The resistant rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to cefoperazonesulbactam was 40.00% and 59.33% in CAI and HAI respectively.ConclusionThe distribution of pathogens causing HAI is highly concentrated, and the infection caused by nonfermentative bacteria is quite serious; distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens are different in HAI and CAI, therefore, the usage of antimicrobial agents in clinical should be different accordingly.

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ObjectiveTo investigate the antimicrobial use in patients at different scales of hospitals of China in 2010.MethodsAn oneday pointprevalence survey on antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients was conducted with crosssectional investigation method.ResultsThe daily antimicrobial use rate in 407 208 inpatients at 740 hospitals was 49.63%, 49. 99% of which were for therapeutic use, 39.17% for prophylaxis, and 10.84% for both. Of all patients receiving antimicrobial agents, 67.96% received monotherapy regime, 30.08% received two combined and 1.96% received three or more drug combined. 29. 21% of patients receiving therapeutic antimicrobial agents sent samples for pathogenic detection. Antimicrobial usage rate in teaching hospitals was lower than nonteaching hospitals(χ2=100.53，P=0.00), antimicrobial usage rate had a “stepbystep” rise among hospitals with ≥900,600899,300599,＜300 beds(χ2=571.90，P=0.00；χ2=579.38，P=0.00；χ2=36.11，P=0.00). Departments with high use of antimicrobial agents were pediatrics（85.50%）, general intensive care unit（81.95%） and respiratory diseases department（76.99%）.ConclusionInpatients in 740 hospitals had high usage rate of antimicrobial agents, prophylactic and combined use is more, sample for pathogen detection was less, it is necessary to strengthen the management of antimicrobial rational use.

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ObjectiveTo establish the in vitro culture model of hepatitis B virusinfected human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells, and evaluate the mechanism of HBV intrauterine infection.MethodsBeWo cells were infected with the serum containing high level of HBV, HBV DNA load in the intracellular and supernatant were detected by realtime PCR; supernatant HBsAg and HBeAg quantitative assay was performed by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay; expression of HBsAg and HBcAg in the infected cells was detected with SABC immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn the first passage of infected BeWo cells, the intracellular and supernatant HBV DNA load increased with time, and reached peak 120 hours after infection; In the subsequent passages, the intracellular and supernatant HBV DNA load decreased gradually and became negative after the fifth passage. The supernatant HBsAg quantity in the first passage increased with time, in the firstthird passages were all tested as positive, but decreased gradually, all were negative after the fourth passage. The supernatant HBeAg quantity was negative in primary and subsequent passages ; The dyed HBsAg and HBcAg in the firstthird passage cells showed positive.ConclusionHBV can infect BeWo cells and express in subsequent passages, BeWo cells can be used to study the mechanism of HBV intrauterine infection.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB)．MethodsEightthree patients with CSHB were divided into 2 groups，57 patients of group 1 （antiviral group） received antiviral treatment plus comprehensive internal medicine treatment and liver support therapy, 26 patients of group 2 (nonantiviral group) received only comprehensive internal medicine treatment plus liver support therapy ， the improvement rate of alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL),prothrombin time activity (PTA), and HBV DNA load in two groups of patients were observed.ResultsAfter 2-4 weeks of treatment，the declined values of ALT, TBIL, PTA, and HBV DNA in group 1 were significantly different from group 2 (all P<0.05); improvement rate of group 1 and 2 was 78.95%(45/57) and 57.69% (15/26) respectively (χ2=4.14, P<0.05).In group 1, treatment efficacy of telbivudine and entecavir was 69.57%(16/23) and 68.42%(13/19) respectively (χ2=0.01, P>0.05).ConclusionAntiviral therapy can significantly improve the treatment efficacy of CSHB, early application can improve the prognosis; entecavir and telbivudine can be used for the treatment.

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ObjectiveTo realize the characteristics of communityonset multidrug resistant organism infections (MDROCOIs).MethodsA prospective investigation was conducted on patients with positive culture of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii between July 1， 2008 and June 30，2010.Results A total of 1 646 episodes of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections occurred, 1 148 of which were COIs, including 470 (40.94%) MDRO infections ; 498 of which were hospitalonset （HO） infections ，including 260 (52.21%) MDRO infections, which was significantly higher than that of MDROCOI rate (χ2＝17.87, P=0.00). MDROCOI pathogens were mainly from sputum or bronchial secretion (171/470, 36.38%),the next was urine(166/470, 35.32%), these samples accounted for 71.70% of all. Of all departments, MDROCOI rate was the highest in intensive care unit(ICU) (64.75%). For the infection sites of COIs, respiratory MDRO infection was the highest (60.71%).ConclusionMDROCOIs are serious, the management of patients with MDROCOIs should be enhanced, transmission in the hospital should be avoided.

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ObjectiveTo survey the data of healthcareassociated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (HAMRSA) infection in a hospital, and evaluate the impact of the reinforcement of infection control.MethodsA series of comprehensive infection control measures were undertaken, the incidence of HAMRSA infection /1 000 patientdays and the amount of hand hygiene product consumption/patient day from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed and compared. ResultsThe incidence of HAMRSA infection/1 000 patientdays in this  hospital was 0.41‰, 0.30‰, and 0.27‰ in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively (χ2=18.918,P=0.000); the amount of hand hygiene product consumption / patientday  increased each year (11.36-27.41 mL/patient  day) (F=0.108, P=0.750);there was no significant correlation between incidence of HAMRSA infection/1 000 patientdays and the amount of hand hygiene product consumption/patientday (F=0.022,P=0.886).The incidence of HAMRSA infection/1 000 patientdays in intensive care unit was 2.13 ‰, 1.99‰  and 2.20‰ in 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively.ConclusionThe decreasing trend of the incidence of HAMRSA infection/1 000 patientdays (χ2=0.178,P=0.915) emphasizes the effectiveness of the reinforcement of comprehensive  infection control programme.

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ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and epidemiological features of acute bacterial dysentery and its pathogen distribution and drug resistance.MethodsThe data of age，occupation，symptoms，signs，and patterns of pathogen from 414 patients with bacillary dysentery between July 2010 and September 2010 were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsMost patients with bacillary dysentery were young adult(322 patients ［77.78%］ were under 50 years old) ; The typical clinical manifestations,such as left lower quadrant tenderness, pus and blood stool， and tenesmus were less common; The positive rate of fecal Shigella culture was 16.43%(68/414),65 (95.59%) of which were Shigella sonnei, 3 (4.41%)were Shigella flexneri. Drugresistant rates of Shigella to ampicillin,trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole,and gentamicin were over 95%,even up to 100.00%; The strains were sensitive to cephalosporins and some quinolones, but had a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin.ConclusionCompared with the previous, the clinical and epidemiological features of bacterial dysentery and epidemic patterns of Shigella have changed, drugresistant strains increased.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the rationality of antimicrobial application during perioperative period of three clean incision operations including thyroid surgery, breast surgery, and hernia repairing surgery before and after monitoring rational use of antimicrobial agents in a hospital, and survey the effect of the intervention measures.Methods2 408 case histories of patients who were hospitalized from June 1, 2008 to May 31, 2009 (preintervention group) and from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010 (postintervention group) were collected and compared.ResultsAfter intervention, the percentage of antimicrobial use decreased from 97.94%(1 093/1 116) to 89.09% (1 151/1 292); combination use rate declined from 37.63%(420/1 116) to 13.39% (173/1 292);prophylactic use rate 2 hours before operations increased from 60.13% (671/1 116) to 77.24%(998/1 292); the ratios of average expense of antimicrobial use to the total expense and to all drug expense decreased obviously, respectively（P＜0.05）;  There was no statistical difference in Margin I/armour healing rate of incision between two groups (99.19% vs 99.39%,P＞0.05).ConclusionThe intervention management can improve the rational use of antimicrobial agents, reduce expense of antimicrobial agents, and as well as promote the safe, effective and economical clinical application of antimicrobial agents.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of continuous hand hygiene quality improvement on healthcareassociated infection. MethodsHand washing facilities were installed and equipped with liquid soap and hand disinfection in 2007. Hand hygiene quality was enforced through target management and supervision and feedback. ResultsFrom 2007 to 2010, hand washing facilities improved continuously, handdry method changed from hand dryer to paper towel; the number of departments with hand washing liquid and hand disinfection consumption of 20 mL/bed day increased from 4 in 2009 to 17 in 2010, the number of departments with hand washing liquid and hand disinfection consumption of 10-20 mL/bed day increased from 13 in 2009 to 47 in 2010; the qualified rate of hand hygiene increased from 93.93% in 2008 to 98.67% in 2010; healthcareassociated infection rate decreased from 2.74% in 2008 to 1.73% in 2010.ConclusionContinuous hand hygiene quality can improve the healthcare workers’ compliance to hand washing, and decrease healthcareassociated infection.

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ObjectiveTo compare the effect of three disinfection and cleaning methods on neonatal incubators.MethodsAfter terminal disinfection, neonatal incubators were randomly divided into three groups, and were wiped respectively with 500 mg/L available chlorine(group Ⅰ), 250 mg/L available chlorine (group Ⅱ), and water (group Ⅲ) once a day, samples of incubators were taken for bacterial culture immediately after drying and 24 hours after treating, monitor were performed for consecutive 6 days, disinfection or cleaning effect of 3 groups were compared. ResultsThe qualified rate in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was 100.00% (36/36), 97.40% (75/77), and 96.67% (58/60) respectively when samples were taken immediately; the qualified rate in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was 91.67% (33/36), 94.81% (73/77), and 96.67% (58/60) respectively when incubator samples were taken 24 hours after treating (all P>0.05). ConclusionThe above three methods can all meet the environmental hygiene requirements of neonatal units, but water cleaning method is more simple, economical, and environmental protective, which is worth popularizing.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of three different nursing intervention methods on preventing ventilatorassociated pneumonia(VAP).MethodsNinety intensive care unit(ICU) patients with mechanical ventilation were divided into three groups according to the time of admission, 30 cases were performed routine ventilation care (routine group) from July 2007 to December 2007; 30 cases used heat and moisture exchanger (HME group) when receiving ventilation from January 2008 to June 2008; 30 cases used heat and moisture exchanger and received bundle care of nursing (comprehensive intervention group) from July 2008 to December 2008. The days of ventilation and ICU stay, incidence of VAP, and pathogens causing VAP were compared among three groups.ResultsCompared with routine and HME group, mechanical ventilation time shortened obviously in comprehensive intervention group (［8.83±6.65］d vs ［16.17±4.87］ d, t=5.43,P=0.00；［8.83±6.65］ d vs ［12.43±5.27］ d，t=2.31,P＜0.05); Compared with routine group, time stay in ICU shortened in comprehensive intervention group (［9.30±6.20］d  vs ［14.97±11.35］ d, t=2.42,p<0.05), and the incidence of VAP declined (16.67% vs 43.33%, χ2=5.08, P＜0.05). Twentyseven strains of pathogens were isolated from VAP patients, 48.15% (13/27) were methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, 18.52% (5/27) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14.81%(4/27) were Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7.41%(2/27) were Escherichia coli, and 3.70% (1/27) were Candida tropicalis,Candida albicans and Acinetobacter baumannii (1/27) each.ConclusionHeat and moisture exchanger with bundle care intervention can shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and time in ICU stay, promote standardized nursing practice, and reduce the incidence of VAP.

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ObjectiveTo realize the clinical characteristics of healthcareassociated Candida infection in a hospital.MethodsCase histories of inpatients who were infected with Candida from 2008 to 2009 were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsOne hundred and seventysix patients developed Candida infection from 2008 to 2009, which accounting for 7.73% of the total healthcareassociated infection; the most common infection site was lower respiratory tract (55.68%), the next was urinary tract(18.75%); the main fungi were Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, which accounting for 58.52% and 23.86% respectively. The main underlying diseases before infection were respiratory (30.11%)and urological diseases (21.59%). The length of hospital stay, medical expense and mortality of patients infected with Candida were significantly longer or higher than that of the other patients during the same hospitalization period (P<0.05).ConclusionFor patients with the risk of Candida infection, it is important to use antimicrobial agents rationally, manipulate sterilely, and treat the primary disease actively; early diagnosis and early treatment is important measure for preventing and controlling the infection of Candida.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate air quality of a dental clinic in the state of working.MethodsAir of a dental clinic was disinfected by air disinfector twice a day for consecutive 30 days, disinfection was performed at 7∶00 AM and 13∶00 PM for 1 hour respectively, air samples in the state of working (once an hour between 8∶00AM17∶00PM, 13∶00PM excluded) were collected, and bacterial colonies were counted. ResultsThe average bacteria count were (275.70±81.87) CFU/m3 at 8∶00 AM, (411.80±175.66) CFU/m3(968.10±204.14) CFU/m3 at 9∶00 AM17∶00 PM. Air quality was in line with the Technical Standard for Disinfection at static state after disinfection, bacterial colony significantly exceeded standard with the extension of working hours.ConclusionIn order to ensure air quality of dental clinic in the state of working in line with national regulatory requirements, dynamic disinfection measures are recommended.

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ObjectiveTo study the distribution and drugresistance of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), so as to provide reference for rational use of antimicrobial agents in clinic.MethodsData of 756 Staphylococcus isolates from clinical samples in a hospital from May 2008 to May 2010 were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsOf all Staphylococcus, 584 (77.25%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 394 (67.47%) of which were MRSA.MRSA mainly came from respiratory tract (248 isolates, 62.94%) and wound (121 isolates, 30.71%), and were mainly from intensive care unit (ICU) (53.30%) and surgery patients (19.29%). MRSA were all sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplain, and linezolid, but resistant to the other commonly used antimicrobial agents,minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.33% of MRSA to vancomycin was 2 μg /mL.ConclusionMRSA are mainly isolated from respiratory tract and wound of ICU and surgery patients, infection and drug resistance is serious, and has multiple drug resistance ; detection and drug resistant surveillance of MRSA should be strengthened.

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ObjectiveTo analyze the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aures（MRSA） isolated from clinical samples in a hospital.MethodsSA isolated from 2007 to 2010 were identified with automatic microorganism analyzer (VITEK2Compact); antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method, and the data were analyzed with WHONET5.5.ResultsA total of 689 SA isolates were isolated within 4 years, 347 (50.36%) of which were MRSA. Of all SA strains, 119 (17.27%) were isolated from intensive care unit (ICU), 109 (15.82%) were from neurosurgery department. Of all MRSA strains, 63 (18.16%) were isolated from neurosurgery department and 61(17.58%）were from ICU; 79.49%（31/39）of SA from respiratory department were MRSA; 73.49% (225 isolates) of MRSA were from sputum, and 12.97% (45 isolates）from wound secretion. MRSA were resistant to most antimicrobial agents, the resistant rate to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole was 21.1%-42.7%, and there was a decreasing tendency in resistance ; methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were sensitive to the majority of antimicrobial agents except penicillin; No strains were found resistant to vancomycin in this study.ConclusionIsolation of MRSA is high in this hospital, monitoring of drugresistance of SA should be strengthened, patients with MRSA should be strictly isolated, hand hygiene of health care workers should be stressed, antimicrobial agents should be used rationally, so as to prevent and control the emergence of MRSA.

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目的调查分析某院新生儿科医院感染特点及危险因素。方法采用前瞻性调查方法，对2009年3月—2010年3月在该院新生儿科住院的所有新生儿进行目标性监测，并对其医院感染的危险因素进行统计与分析。结果共监测805例新生儿，发现医院感染30例，34例次，医院感染率为3.73%，例次感染率为4.22%；感染部位以皮肤为主，占23.53%，其次为呼吸道和肠道，各占17.65%；医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占47.06%。男婴、有窒息史（出生时阿氏评分0～7分）、住院时间≥14 d、使用抗菌药物≥7 d、使用呼吸机是医院感染的危险因素。结论新生儿科医院感染的发生与多种临床因素有关，开展目标性监测可及时发现问题，便于采取有效措施预防控制。

Abstract:

目的了解某院心脏外科手术部位感染情况。方法采取全过程跟踪调查的方法，对该院2009年1月1日—12月31日间心脏外科手术患者进行目标性监测。结果共监测心脏外科手术患者576例，发生手术部位感染14例，手术部位感染率为2.43%。手术部位感染组和非感染组手术持续平均时间分别为（412.86±162.34）min、（309.10±130.35）min，两者比较，差异有统计学意义（t=2.92，P=0.004）；两组ASA分级评分平均分别为0.642和0.578，差异无统计学意义（t=0.478，P=0.56）。医生的手术部位感染专率为1.61%~4.16%，调整后手术部位感染专率为2.37%~5.70%。结论手术时间延长是心脏外科手术手术部位发生感染的主要原因之一；手术部位感染率与医生经验和手术熟练程度以及对无菌操作的重视有关。

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目的了解某综合性医院非传染病科室收治传染病患者情况，以提出防控对策。方法回顾性调查分析该院2005年1月—2008年1月全部因传染病出院患者的病历资料。结果共查阅1 891例传染病患者病历资料，其中传染科首诊收治1 656例（87.57%），由其他科室转入传染科235例（12.43%）；医务工作者10例，其中患肺结核5例，急性病毒性肝炎3例，急性细菌性痢疾和麻疹各1例。235例首诊收入其他科室的传染病患者分别涉及呼吸科（90例，38.30%）、儿科（69例，29.36%）、消化科（49例，20.85%）、普通外科（8例，3.41%）和妇产科（6例，2.55%）等临床科室。结论各临床科室均存在传染病诱发医院感染的可能性，必须给予足够的重视并采取有效的防控措施。

Abstract:

目的了解某院使用抗菌药物患者病原学送检情况及阳性率。方法查阅该院2010年7—12月间12 747例住院患者病历，统计抗菌药物使用情况、使用抗菌药物患者病原学送检情况及阳性检出情况。结果12 747例患者中，使用抗菌药物者9 021例，抗菌药物使用率70.77%；病原学送检者2 587例，病原学送检率28.68%。病原学送检较多的科室依次为：呼吸内科送检880次，平均每例送检2.74次；老干部科送检293次，平均每例送检3.76次；神经外科送检236次，平均每例送检2.88次。结论该院临床使用抗菌药物的患者病原学送检率低，预防性、经验性、盲目性用抗菌药物现象较为普遍，需加强监管，提高病原学送检率。

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目的提高医务人员预防职业暴露的操作技能和自我防护意识。方法对易发生暴露的危害因素进行总结并制定防护策略。结果医务人员常见职业危害因素包括： 生物性因素、化学性因素、物理性因素、生理及心理因素，针对上述危害因素提出相应防护策略并在医务人员中开展职业安全防护教育，加强监督和考核。结论全方位加强对易发生职业暴露危险因素的防护，是降低医务人员医院感染的有效措施。

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目的了解流浪精神病患者的医院感染状况并提出预防对策。方法对某精神病医院2008年1月—2009年12月住院的流浪精神病患者病历资料进行回顾性调查。结果共调查流浪精神病住院患者1 524例，发生医院感染146例，医院感染发病率为9.58％；感染部位以消化道为主（33.56%），其次为下呼吸道（24.66%）和皮肤（19.18%）、上呼吸道（10.96%）等。2009年的医院感染率（4.94%）显著低于2008年（7.84%），差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.97，P＜0.01）。男性患者医院感染率（11.67%）显著高于女性患者（7.02%），差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.41，P＜0.01）。结论流浪精神病患者医院感染率较高，应提高医务人员医院感染防控意识，严格落实消毒隔离制度，同时加强对患者的康复训练和健康教育，以减少医院感染的发生。

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目的了解某院清洁切口手术围手术期抗菌药物的使用情况及合理性。方法依据《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》设计调查表，对该院4个手术科室2008年10月—2010年6月间的住院患者进行回顾性调查，并评价抗菌药物使用的合理性。结果共调查1 247例清洁切口手术患者,全部预防性使用了抗菌药物，预防用药率达100.00%。开始给药时间在术前0.5～2 h者 513 例(41.14%),术前≤24 h者 13例(1.04%)，术前＞24 h者496例(39.78%)；术中59例(4.73%)；术后166例(13.31%)。手术后预防用药时间2～19 d，其中用药时间≤1 d者0例（0.00%），≤2 d者16例（1.28%），≤3 d者111例（8.90%），4～6 d者558例（44.75%），≥7 d者560例（45.07%）。手术后单一和二联使用抗菌药物率分别为75.70%、20.05%，还有少部分三联用药（3.61%）和四联用药（0.64%）。结论该院清洁切口手术预防用抗菌药物存在诸多不当，需加强相关知识培训和监管。

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目的探讨医院感染防控管理在地震灾害伤员救治中的作用。方法对赈灾病房、重症监护室专人管理，重点进行医院感染防控，同时加大医院感染防控知识的宣教，使人人知道医院感染防控的重要性。结果该院收治的115例地震伤员中，无一例发生医院感染；除7例伤势较重者转内地治疗外，其余均康复出院。结论地震为特殊（突发）事件，探视、采访人员多，工作难度大，加强医院感染防控管理可有效防止医院感染的发生和流行。

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肺结核并发肺脓肿、胸膜腔脓肿常规治疗效果往往不佳，手术可以很大程度清除病灶，配合抗结核治疗能够收到明显效果。2011年3月，我们实施肺结核伴肺内及胸膜腔内多发结核性脓肿手术治疗1例，疗效明显，现总结报告如下。

Abstract:

近年来，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）在金黄色葡萄球菌感染中所占的比例越来越高，感染程度越来越严重，已成为医院感染和社区感染的重要病原菌之一。MRSA因耐药谱广、耐药机制复杂、传播速度快而成为全世界关注的焦点，特别是万古霉素耐药株的不断出现使MRSA的治疗更加棘手。本文就其流行特征、耐药机制及治疗现状作一综述。