Abstract:To enhance the administration of influenza vaccine among staff in Chinese medical institutions, the Healthcare-associated Infection Control Branch of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, in collaboration with the China Clinical Practice Guideline Alliance, has formulated the "Guideline on Influenza Vaccination for Staff in Chinese Medical Institutions". This guideline mainly focuses on 7 clinical related issues based on research progress and expert opinions both domestically and internationally. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 version of the evidence grading tool was utilized to evaluate study quality and develop recommendations. The guideline emphasize the importance of influenza vaccination for staff in medical institutions, which can reduce their own incidence of influenza and effectively reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission. This guideline recommends that all staff in medical institutions should actively receive influenza vaccination, unless contraindications exist. It is recommended to prioritize influenza vaccination for staff with an extremely high risk of infection transmission, high-risk population, and pregnant women. In addition, the guidelines also provide advice on choice of vaccine, as well as timing and frequency of vaccination. In view of the low vaccination rate of influenza vaccine among staff in medical institutions and significant regional differences in China, this guideline proposes the need for enhancing health education on influenza vaccination, adopting a "diversified" approach according to the specific circumstances of each province and city, and actively carrying out organized vaccination activities.

Abstract:Objective To understand the clinical characteristics, antimicrobial resistance and influencing factors of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) as well as carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial (CR-GNB) infection after cardiac valve surgery. Methods Clinical data of patients after cardiac valve surgery in a hospital from January 2018 to October 2021 were collected retrospectively and divided into the CR-GNB group and the non-CR-GNB group according to whether CR-GNB infection had occurred after surgery, non-infected patients in the same period were selected, and paired in a 2:1 ratio with different infection groups (CR-GNB group and non-CR-GNB group) based on age and gender, the influencing factors for infection were analyzed, and the differences in clinical characteristics among groups were compared. Results Among the 11 120 patients underwent cardiac valve surgery, 296 cases (2.7%) developed HAI, including 170 cases of Gram-negative bacterial infection and 126 cases of Gram-positive bacterial infection. Among patients with Gram-negative bacterial infection, 62 cases (36.5%) were in the CR-GNB group, and 108 cases (63.5%) in the non-CR-GNB group. 112 CR-GNB strains were isolated from patients in the CR-GNB group, most of which were Acinetobacter baumannii (n=48, 42.9%), showing high resistance rates to several commonly used antimicrobial agents, except amikacin (12.5%) and polymyxin (5.3%). Comparing among groups, the durations of surgery, ICU stay, and extracorporeal circulation were longer in the CR-GNB group than in the non-CR-GNB group and in the non-infected group, and the non-CR-GNB group than the non-infected group. The proportion of antimicrobial use before infection was higher (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that durations of operation, ICU stay and extracorporeal circulation were independent risk factors for CR-GNB infection in patients after cardiac valve surgery (all P < 0.05). The all-cause fatalities of patients in the CR-GNB and non-CR-GNB groups (31.8%, 54/170) were higher than that in the non-infected group (5.0%, 17/340; P < 0.05). Conclusion It is very important to strengthen perioperative management during cardiac surgery. Optimizing surgical operation and using antimicrobial agents rationally can reduce the occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria and improve the prognosis of patients.

Abstract:Objective To compare the detection performance of BACT/ALERT VIRTUO and BACTEC^TM FX blood culture systems for simulated bacteremia specimens. Methods This study adopted simulated blood culture, three kinds of Gram-negative bacilli, two kinds of Gram-positive cocci, one kind of obligate anaerobe and two kinds of candida that are frequent in blood stream infection, as well as nine tested antimicrobial agents. The BACT/ALERT VIRTUO blood culture system with FA Plus aerobic vials (FA+) and FN Plus anaerobic vials (FN+), as well as the BACTEC^TM FX blood culture system with resin aerobic culture vials (AF) and hemolysin anaerobic culture vials (ANF) were compared. Detection rate and positive detection time of each microorganism were determined. The absorption rates of FA+, FN+, AF and ANF to vancomycin, meropenem and fluconazole were detected by chromatography. Results In simulated blood culture with the presence of antimicrobial agents, the positive detection rates of culture vials of VIRTUO system were FN+(42/50, 84.00%)>VIRTUO FA+(30/50, 60.00%) >FX AF (20/50, 40.00%). Due to the lack of antimicrobial adsorption ability, the positive detection rates of FX ANF hemolysin anaerobic vials was 0. The median positive detection times for FA+, FN+, AF, and ANF were 13.96, 16.22, 20.30 hours, and >120 hours, respectively. Antimicrobial concentration test results showed that the adsorption effect of meropenem by VIRTUO FN+anaerobic vials was obvious, and about 90% of meropenem could be adsorbed in 2 minutes. Conclusion There are differences in the detection rate and positive detection time between the two systems in the presence of antimicrobial agents. The BACT/ALERT VIRTUO blood culture system is superior to the BACTEC^TM FX blood culture system in detecting microorganisms.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between peripheral blood systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), ratio of C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/ALB) and the severity as well as prognosis of patients with diabe-tic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods Clinical data of 157 DFU patients admitted to a hospital from June 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the 6-month follow-up results, they were divided into the good prognosis group (n=108) and the poor prognosis group (n=49). The relationship between SII, CRP/ALB and di-sease severity as well as the predictive effect on the prognosis of DFU patients was analyed, and risk factors for poor prognosis in DFU patients were identified. Results SII and CRP/ALB in DFU patients gradually increased with the increase of Wagner's grade, aggravation of infection and ischemia (all P < 0.05). SII was positively correlated with white blood cell count, CRP, glomerular filtration rate and glycated hemoglobin, while negatively correlated with albumin and ankle-brachial index (all P < 0.05). The best cut-off point of SII and CRP/ALB for predicting the poor prognosis of DFU patients were 427.5 and 3.05, respectively, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.797 (95%CI: 0.715-0.879) and 0.869 (95%CI: 0.809-0.930, both P < 0.05), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that C-reactive protein, albumin, glomerular filtration rate, ankle-brachial index, glycated hemoglobin, SII and CRP/ALB were independent factors for the poor prognosis of DFU patients (all P < 0.05). Conclusion SII and CRP/ALB are related with the severity of the disease in DFU patients. They are factors for poor prognosis, and can be used to evaluate the prognosis of DFU patients.

Abstract:Objective To compare the pass rate of fitness test for arch-shaped and fold-shaped medical protective masks, and explore the relationship between facial dimension and the fitness test of mask. Methods 320 health care workers from 6 hospitals in Beijing were selected. The facial dimensions were measured by right angle gauge, bending angle gauge, and leather ruler. Quantitative fitness test of a brand of arch-shaped and fold-shaped medical protective masks was conducted by TSI 8038/8048 mask fitness test instrument. Results The pass rates of fitness tests for arch-shaped and fold-shaped masks of 320 subjects were 44.38% and 84.06%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=103.765, P < 0.001). Analysis of influencing factors showed that morphological facial length had an impact on the fitness test result of masks. People with long morphological facial length fit better in arch-shaped masks, and people with short morphological facial length fit better in fold-shaped masks. Cluster analysis showed that arch-shaped masks fit large face better than small face, while fold-shaped masks fit small face better than large face. Conclusion There are difference in the fitness of arch-shaped and fold-shaped medical protective masks. The morphological facial length and the shape of the user's face are important factors influencing the fitness of masks. The results of this study can provide references to product design for mask manufacturers and guidance for health care workers in the selection of suitable masks.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the effect of flexible endoscope channel automated brushing system on the disinfection quality of digestive endoscopes. Methods 160 pieces of endoscopes after gastroenteroscopy in the digestive endoscopy center of a hospital were chosen. According to the blocked randomization method, endoscopes were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group in a ratio of 1:1. During the endoscope channel brushing, endoscopes in the experimental group were brushed with flexible endoscope channel automated brushing system, while endoscopes in the control group were cleaned manually by cleaning and disinfection personnel. Diffe-rences in disinfection qualification rate of endoscopes, brushing time of endoscope channels, and physical fatigue of cleaning and disinfecting personnel between the two groups were compared. Results The overall qualification rate of endoscope disinfection in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (98.75% vs 88.75%, P=0.009), with the qualification rate of gastroscope disinfection in the experimental group being higher than that in the control group (98.33% vs 86.89%, P=0.016). There was no statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of enteroscope disinfection between two groups (100% vs 90.00%, P=0.299). The brushing time of the endoscope channel in the experimental group was longer than that in the control group ([158.76±17.46] seconds vs[117.44±13.59] seconds, P < 0.001). The difference in physical fatigue scores of the cleaning and disinfection personnel before and after brushing in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group ([0.87 ±0.80] points vs[2.84 ±1.08] points, P < 0.001), there was no statistically significant difference in the physical fatigue scores of the cleaning and disinfection personnel before brushing between the two groups ([1.23±0.50] points vs (1.20±0.46] points, P=0.743);the physical fatigue scores of the cleaning and disinfection personnel after brushing in the experimental group were lower than that in the control group ([2.10 ±1.13] points vs[4.04 ±1.36] points, P < 0.001). Conclusion The flexible endoscope automated channel brushing system can improve the quality of endoscope disinfection and reduce the physical fatigue of cleaning and disinfection personnel.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the effect of two instruments on the surface roughness (Ra) and bacterial adhesion of endoscope forceps channel. Methods Equal length sections of new polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) tubes were bent and fixed. Cleaning brush (Group A) and biopsy forceps (Group B) were used to simulate clinical operations with different passing frequencies. Surface roughness (Ra) and morphology were measured. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inoculated onto the Teflon tubes in each group to evaluate surface colony-forming units and bacterial adhesion. Results Teflon tube surfaces without instrument passage were smooth and without scratches. As the passage frequency increased, surface scratches became denser, with more significant effects observed in Group A. At passage frequencies of 0, 50, 100, and 200, there were no statistically significant differences in Ra between Groups A and B. However, at a passage frequency of 500, Ra in Group A was greater than in Group B (P < 0.01). When comparing different passage frequencies within each group, there were no statistically significant differences between 0 and 50 passages, but Ra at 0 passages was significantly lower than at 100, 200, and 500 passages (P < 0.01). Initially, biofilms were evenly distributed on the Teflon tube surfaces without instrument passage, but with increased passage frequency, Group A showed more densely covered biofilms, with visible bacterial colonies at the scratch sites. There were no significant differences in colony counts between Groups A and B at 0, 50, 100, and 200 passage frequencies. However, at 500 passages, Group A had a higher colony count than Group B (P < 0.01). When comparing the colony counts at 50, 100, and 200 passage frequencies with those at 0 passages within each group, no statistically significant differences were found (P> 0.05). However, at 500 passages, the mean colony count in Group A was higher than at 0 passages (P < 0.01), while no statistically significant difference was observed in Group B compared to 0 passages (P=0.186). Conclusion Repeated passage of endoscope cleaning brush and biopsy forceps through forceps' channels increases the Ra of the endoscope forceps' channels, leading to an increase in bacterial adhesion. The effect is more significant with the cleaning brush. This highlights the need to strengthen the management of instrument usage in clinical settings and develop better cleaning tools.

Abstract:Objective To explore the application effect of risk assessment combined with plan-do-check-action (PDCA)cycle in the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection. Methods Relevant data of targeted monitoring on MDROs of "five categories and seven types" in a tertiary first-class hospital from July 2019 to June 2020 were selected. The pre-intervention stage was from July to December, 2019, and the post-intervention stage was from January to June, 2020. Based on risk assessment results in 2019, the PDCA cycle method was introduced to intervene and manage the detection of MDROs and the implementation of prevention and control measures. The detection of MDROs and the implementation rate of prevention and control measures before and after the intervention were compared. Results A total of 124 and 129 patients before and after the intervention were included respectively. After intervention, the pathogen detection rate before antimicrobial therapy was higher than before intervention (39.43% vs 33.13%, P < 0.001). The total implementation rate of MDRO prevention and control measures after implementing risk assessment combined with PDCA cycle intervention was 82.83%, which was higher than before the intervention (61.75%), with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). After intervention, the implementation rates of 8 measures increased with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05) compared to before intervention, including awareness of MDRO prevention and control measures, critical value reports, giving isolation medical orders, fluorescent monitoring on cleaning and disinfection of bed units, hand hygiene before and after operation, early handover about MDRO, notification of receiving departments to take isolation measures, and final disinfection. The detection rate of MDROs after intervention was 8.08%, which was lower than before intervention (10.31%), with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Detection rate of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) decreased from 60.78% to 48.13%, and detection rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR)/extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDR-PA) decreased from 35.35% to 22.90% after intervention, with both differences statistically significant (both P < 0.05). Conclusion Risk assessment combined with the PDCA cycle can improve the implementation rate of MDRO prevention and control measures, so that the MDRO detection rate can be reduced even with increased pathogenicity detection rate before antimicrobial therapy.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in elderly patients with pulmonary infection (PI) after cardiothoracic surgery, and to explore the risk factors for postoperative MDRO PI. Methods Elderly patients with postoperative PI after cardiothoracic surgery in Shanghai Chest Hospital From January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. According to whether PI strains were MDROs, the patients were divided into the MDRO group and the non-MDRO group. The antimicrobial resistance rates of MDROs were calculated, and the risk factors for postoperative MDRO PI were analyzed. Results A total of 23 905 elderly patients underwent cardiothoracic surgery, and 289 cases developed postoperative PI, with an infection rate of 1.21%. Among them, 123 cases were classified as MDRO PI (MDRO group), and 166 cases were non-MDRO PI (non-MDRO group). Compared with the non-MDRO group, the proportion of patients with diabetes, mechanical ventilation duration >10 days, indwelling urinary catheter duration >10 days, indwelling central venous catheter duration >10 days, indwelling thoracic drainage tube >10 days, and use of ≥3 types of antimicrobial drugs was higher in the MDRO group, and the length of ICU stay was longer (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, mechanical ventilation duration >10 days, and the use of ≥3 types of antimicrobial drugs were independent risk factors for postoperative MDRO PI in elderly patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery (all P < 0.05). A total of 314 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from sputum specimens of patients with postoperative PI, 137 of which were MDROs, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=38, 27.73%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=31, 22.63%). The resistance rates of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem, meropenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more than 68%. The resistance rates of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin, linezolid and rifampicin were 0. Conclusion Common pathogens causing postoperative MDRO PI in elderly patients underwent cardiothoracic surgery are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Diabetes, duration of mechanical ventilation, as well as type and quantity of antimicrobial use are closely related to the occurrence of MDRO PI. Targeted intervention measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of postoperative MDRO PI.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the infection trend, distribution characteristics and epidemic status of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection in Yichang area by fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) melting curve method, providing reference for the prevention and treatment of NTM infection in this area. Methods Pleural effusion, peritoneal effusion, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with suspected tuberculosis in a hospital in Yichang area from 2016 to 2020 were collected. All Mycobacterium positive specimens detected by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining smear, MGIT 960 rapid culture and modified Loewenstein-Jenson medium culture were further identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and NTM by fluorescence PCR melting curve method. With whole genome sequencing (WGS) as the gold standard, the accuracy of fluorescence PCR melting curve method in identifying MTB and NTM was compared and analyzed, and clinical characteristics of NTM infected patients in Yichang area were summarized. Results A total of 7 496 Mycobacterium positive specimens were collected. After identified by fluorescence PCR melting curve method, 6 997 (93.34%) MTB strains and 499 (6.66%) NTM strains were detected. A total of 469 (93.99%) NTM strains were identified, while the remaining 30 (6.01%) strains were unknown strains. The most commonly detected NTM was Mycobacterium intracellulare (n=189, 37.88%), followed by Mycobacterium abscessus (n=68, 13.63%) and Mycobacterium gordonae (n=25, 5.01%). 22 MTB strains and 18 NTM strains identified by fluorescence PCR melting curve method were selected to perform WGS, and the coincidence rate, sensitivity, and specificity were 98.15%, 99.80%, and 93.54%, respectively. The epidemic characteristics of NTM showed that the detection rate of NTM in this area has been increasing year by year, from 3.56% in 2016 to 13.21% in 2020. Among NTM positive patients, 57.52% (287/499) were male, 52.30% (261/499) of the patients were aged 55-74 years old. Conclusion The prevalence of NTM in Yichang area presents a rapid increasing trend, with Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium kansasii as the main pathogens. Fluorescence PCR melting curve method can effectively and quickly assist in diagnosis. The risk of NTM infection in elderly people is high, and differential diagnosis is of great significance in clinical practice.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) complicated with sepsis in hospitalized children with acute leukemia during chemotherapy, and explore its pathogenic characteristics and risk factors. Methods From January 2021 to June 2022, 819 children who were diagnosed with acute leukemia in the pediatric department of a tertiary first-class hospital were selected as the study subjects. The nested case-control study method was adopted. Children with sepsis during the monitoring period were in the case group, and children with the same type of leukemia during the same hospitalization period were randomly selected as the control group based on 1∶2 ratio. Differences in basic information and research indicators between two groups of children were compared. Risk factors for sepsis related to leukemia chemotherapy, distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from blood specimens were analyzed. Results Among 819 children with acute leukemia, 51 had sepsis, with an incidence of 6.23%. Paired in a 1∶2 ratio, 102 children were included in the control group. 29 strains of pathogens were isolated from blood specimens, including 21 strains (72.41%) of Gram-negative bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) and 8 strains (27.59%) of Gram-positive bacteria (mainly Streptococcus midis). Use of glucocorticoids (OR=13.20, 95%CI: 3.42-155.81), absolute neutrophil count < 0.1×10⁹/L (OR=38.09, 95%CI: 12.06-357.61) and serum albumin < 35 g/L (OR=7.61, 95%CI: 2.11-39.76) were independent risk factors for sepsis in children with acute leukemia during chemotherapy (all P < 0.05). Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring, prevention and control, and follow-up of the infection in children with acute leukemia during chemotherapy, especially for children who use glucocorticoids, with low absolute neutrophil count and low serum albumin level, so as to reduce the occurrence of HAI-associated-sepsis.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the occurrence, risk factors and pathogen distribution of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the cardiothoracic surgical intensive care unit (CICU). Methods CHD pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment and developed postoperative VAP in the CICU of a hospital from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022 were selected as the research subjects. The incidence, risk factors, and pathogen distribution characteristics of postoperative VAP were analyzed. Results A total of 677 pediatric patients were enrolled in the study. The duration of mechanical ventilation was 2 546 days. 51 patients developed VAP, and the incidence of VAP was 20.03‰. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of postoperative VAP was higher in CHD pediatric patients who had no preoperative pulmonary infection, with pulmonary arterial hypertension, longer duration of extracorporeal circulation, and emergency or sub-emergency surgery, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Among the 25 pediatric patients with positive pathogenic culture, 27 strains of pathogens were isolated, including 24 strains (88.89%) of Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5), and Escherichia coli (n=4). Two strains (7.41%) were Gram-positive bacteria, both identified as Staphylococcus aureus. One fungal strain (3.70%) was Candida albicans. Conclusion The incidence of postoperative VAP in CHD pediatric patients is high. Pulmonary arterial hypertension, duration of extracorporeal circulation, emergency surgery, and pulmonary infection are closely related to VAP.

Abstract:Objective To understand the current situation of human resource allocation of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) professionals in secondary and above medical institutions in Shanxi Province, and provide reference for the construction of talent team of HAI management professionals in Shanxi Province. Methods From January 17 to February 4, 2023, convenience sampling method was adopted to conduct a questionnaire survey on HAI professionals in secondary and above hospitals in Shanxi Province. Results A total of 284 HAI professionals from 200 hospitals were surveyed. 45 were tertiary hospitals and 155 were secondary hospitals. 56 hospitals (28.0%) had sufficient HAI professionals. There was statistically significant difference in the adequacy rate of human resource allocation of HAI professionals in hospitals of different levels and different number of beds (P < 0.05). The adequacy rate of tertiary hospitals was higher than that of secondary hospitals, with the lowest adequacy rate being those with 100-500 beds. The age of HAI professionals was mostly between 46 and 66 years old (50.4%), 94.4% were female, 80.0% were nurses, only 7.0% have master's degree, 44.8% had senior professional titles. Although 61.6% of them had more than 20 years of medical service, 43.3% of them had less than 5 years in HAI prevention and control work, and 91.9% obtained the certificate of HAI professionals. Conclusion The human resource allocation of HAI professionals in second level and above hospitals in Shanxi Province is insufficient, and the personnel structure is irrational. Medical institutions should further strengthen the construction of the talent team for HAI professionals.

Abstract:Objective To construct a detection and prediction model for suspected respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) based on clinical data center, and achieve the detection and prediction of suspected infectious diseases. Methods Clinical data were selected from a tertiary first-class hospital, structural modeling of medical records was constructed based on historical data of infectious diseases, knowledge map of RIDs was formulated, a combined decision model of detection and prediction was formed through XGboost algorithm and knowledge map reasoning technology, and cross validation based on hospital historical data was performed, a model with high accuracy was obtained. Results The average precision ratio of the detection and prediction model was 92.55%, with recall ratio of 91.49% and the comprehensive F1 test value of 92.01%, which were superior to the individual knowledge map model or XGboost model. The model was integrated with the hospital's electronic medical record system and clinical decision support system for predicting real clinical cases. Conclusion This method can effectively predict emerging suspected RIDs, assist hospitals to initiate emergency plans timely for infectious diseases, and reduce the probability of infection among health care workers at the early stage of infectious diseases.

Abstract:Turicella otitidis is a rare opportunistic pathogen which commonly colonizes in skin and external auditory canal, and often causes otitis media. Blood stream infection is however rare. This article reports the anti-infection therapy process of a case of Turicella otitidis sepsis complicated with severe pneumonia, highlighting the clinical understanding and treatment options for blood stream infection caused by Turicella otitidis.

Abstract:Pancreatic tuberculosis is relatively rare, but with a good prognosis. Surgery and anti-tuberculosis drug treatment have good therapeutic effect. However, its clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging findings lack specificity, making it highly susceptible to misdiagnosis as tumorous lesions, leading to unnecessary surgical resection. This article reports two cases of pancreatic tuberculosis confirmed by surgery and anti-tuberculosis treatment, as well as the diagnosis and treatment processes, aiming to improve the understanding on pancreatic tuberculosis.

Abstract:Mycoplasma hominis is a type of the smallest known prokaryotic microorganisms without cell wall. It is polymorphic and can pass through a filter. In human body, it mainly causes urinary and reproductive system infection, seldom causes adult intracranial infection. There is still a lack of unified consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis management and other aspects of intracranial infection. This paper reports a case of Mycoplasma hominis intracranial infection after neurosurgery due to traffic accident, so as to provide reference for the clinical dia-gnosis and treatment of such disease.

Abstract:The clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria with capsular, is an important opportunistic pathogen in clinic. There are genetic differences among clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Strains can be divided into K. pneumoniae (KpⅠ), K. quasipneumoniae (KpⅡ) and K. variicola (KpⅢ) three groups according to the phylogenetic tree. There are significant differences in ecological distribution, genotype, drug resistance, virulence characteristics, and pathogenicity among this three groups, which brings new challenges to the precise treatment of infectious diseases. In this article, the latest studies of identification, epidemic characteristics and pathogenic characteristics of K. pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae and K. variicola are reviewed.

Abstract:In the teaching of healthcare-associated infection prevention and control, virtual simulation technology-based teaching method not only avoids the infection risks of traditional face-to-face teaching approaches, but also compensates for the shortage of clinical practice time and experimental resources for medical students, enhancing teaching effectiveness. This article mainly elaborates on the concept and features of virtual simulation technology, as well as its application and development in the teaching of healthcare-associated infection prevention and control.

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