ObjectiveTo evaluate the risk factors and effective prevention and control measures on healthcareassociated infection (HAI) in neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) through the targeted monitor.MethodsAll neonates who admitted to NICU from January to September 2010 were monitored prospectively according to the Standard for healthcareassociated infection surveillance, control measures were taken, and risk factors were analyzed.ResultsA total of 638 neonates were surveyed, 67 neonates (10.50%) developed 69 times (10.82%) infection, infection rate per day was 8.29‰. Lower respiratory tract infection accounted for 63.77%, 56.82% of which was ventilatorassociated pneumonia; bloodstream infection accounted for 21.74%. Gramnegative bacteria, grampositive bacteria and fungi accounted for 65.08%(41 isolates), 33.33%(21), and 1.59%(1) respectively; Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 63.49% (40/63), multidrugresistant organisms accounted for 66.67%(42/63). Risk factors were birth weight ≤1 500g, endotracheal intubation mechanical ventilation and continuous time ≥ 3d, prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs and duration time ≥ 5d; no use of antimicrobial agents was beneficial factor.ConclusionTargeted monitoring on HAI can get detailed information on HAI status and related risk factors of patients, and is helpful to reduce HAI rate through proper measures according to related risk factors.