ObjectiveTo investigate the perioperative prophylactic use of antimicrobial  agents in type I incision operations in a hospital, and evaluate the rationality and intervention efficacy of antimicrobial application.Methods A retrospective study was conducted, data of patients with  type I incision operations between December 1, 2011 and February 29, 2012 (postintervention group) were analyzed and compared with that in April 2011(preintervention group).ResultsAfter intervention, a total of  612 cases of  type I incision operations were  surveyed, 112 (18.30%) patients  received antimicrobial agents within  30 minutes prior to incision; 101(90.18% ) patients used prophylactic antimicrobial  agents ≤ 24 hours; 9 kinds of antimicrobial  agents were used, 5 of which were the first and second generation cephalosporins; 3 patients with gynecological  operations  used two agents combined, the other patients all received single agent.  No incision infection occurred among  612 patients. Compared with preintervention group, antimicrobial use in postintervention group was more rational. ConclusionPerioperative  antimicrobial prophylaxis   in type I incision operation in this hospital is rational, and  basically meets the requirement of the Ministry of Health,  but  it still needs improvement to make sure the standard application of antimicrobial  agents in type I incision operation.